Table 4.
ORs from logistic regression models testing the association of specific statins compared with no statin with adverse 30-day outcomes among VHA veterans with a positive respiratory swab for SARS-CoV-2, n=231 017
| Hospital admission | ICU admission | Death | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
| No statin | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Atorvastatin | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.01 | 0.136 | 0.96 | 0.9 to 1.02 | 0.194 | 0.8 | 0.76 to 0.84 | <0.001 |
| Fluvastatin | 1.47 | 0.45 to 4.82 | 0.524 | 1.79 | 0.23 to 13.8 | 0.577 | 0.55 | 0.07 to 4.43 | 0.575 |
| Lovastatin | 0.73 | 0.57 to 0.93 | 0.012 | 0.48 | 0.26 to 0.9 | 0.022 | 0.64 | 0.45 to 0.91 | 0.013 |
| Pitavastatin | 0.45 | 0.16 to 1.26 | 0.128 | 0.66 | 0.09 to 4.8 | 0.679 | 0.82 | 0.25 to 2.68 | 0.738 |
| Pravastatin | 0.93 | 0.86 to 1 | 0.045 | 0.94 | 0.81 to 1.1 | 0.443 | 0.78 | 0.7 to 0.87 | <0.001 |
| Rosuvastatin | 0.81 | 0.76 to 0.86 | <0.001 | 0.82 | 0.72 to 0.93 | 0.002 | 0.72 | 0.65 to 0.79 | <0.001 |
| Simvastatin | 0.91 | 0.86 to 0.97 | 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.8 to 1.02 | 0.107 | 0.77 | 0.71 to 0.84 | <0.001 |
| Sex at birth, female | 0.75 | 0.71 to 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.65 to 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.57 | 0.5 to 0.65 | <0.001 |
| Age category, years | |||||||||
| 19–39 | 0.61 | 0.58 to 0.66 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.51 to 0.71 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.11 to 0.21 | <0.001 |
| 40–49 | 0.75 | 0.71 to 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.59 to 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.3 to 0.48 | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| 60–69 | 1.28 | 1.23 to 1.34 | <0.001 | 1.32 | 1.21 to 1.45 | <0.001 | 2.85 | 2.55 to 3.2 | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 1.43 | 1.36 to 1.49 | <0.001 | 1.49 | 1.36 to 1.64 | <0.001 | 5.92 | 5.31 to 6.6 | <0.001 |
| ≥80 | 1.81 | 1.71 to 1.91 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.45 to 1.82 | <0.001 | 13.86 | 12.37 to 15.54 | <0.001 |
| White (vs not white) | 0.88 | 0.81 to 0.97 | 0.007 | 0.75 | 0.61 to 0.91 | 0.004 | 0.88 | 0.74 to 1.04 | 0.121 |
| Black (vs not black) | 1.36 | 1.24 to 1.5 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 0.89 to 1.35 | 0.39 | 0.78 | 0.66 to 0.94 | 0.007 |
| Hispanic (vs not Hispanic) | 1.16 | 1.1 to 1.22 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 0.92 to 1.15 | 0.633 | 1.13 | 1.04 to 1.24 | 0.007 |
| Body mass index category, kg/m² | |||||||||
| <18.5 | 1.15 | 1.02 to 1.29 | 0.025 | 1.35 | 1.06 to 1.73 | 0.015 | 1.82 | 1.59 to 2.08 | <0.001 |
| 18.5–24.9 | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| 25–29.9 | 0.81 | 0.78 to 0.85 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.82 to 0.97 | 0.006 | 0.73 | 0.68 to 0.79 | <0.001 |
| 30–34.9 | 0.76 | 0.73 to 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.81 to 0.97 | 0.006 | 0.68 | 0.64 to 0.74 | <0.001 |
| 35–39.9 | 0.76 | 0.72 to 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.76 to 0.94 | 0.002 | 0.64 | 0.59 to 0.7 | <0.001 |
| ≥40 | 0.87 | 0.81 to 0.92 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 0.91 to 1.16 | 0.675 | 0.79 | 0.72 to 0.88 | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use | |||||||||
| Never | ref | ||||||||
| Former | 1.11 | 1.08 to 1.15 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 1.02 to 1.17 | 0.01 | 1.18 | 1.12 to 1.24 | <0.001 |
| Current | 1.39 | 1.35 to 1.44 | <0.001 | 1.29 | 1.2 to 1.39 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.17 to 1.32 | <0.001 |
| Urban/rural/highly rural residence | |||||||||
| Highly rural | 0.57 | 0.5 to 0.66 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.54 to 1 | 0.051 | 1.16 | 0.97 to 1.38 | 0.096 |
| Rural | 0.7 | 0.68 to 0.72 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.82 to 0.93 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 0.99 to 1.08 | 0.14 |
| Urban | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Unknown | 0.27 | 0.1 to 0.74 | 0.011 | 0.55 | 0.08 to 3.96 | 0.549 | 1.75 | 0.72 to 4.25 | 0.22 |
| Diabetes | 1.29 | 1.26 to 1.33 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 1.19 to 1.33 | <0.001 | 1.36 | 1.3 to 1.42 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.3 | 1.25 to 1.35 | <0.001 | 1.29 | 1.18 to 1.41 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.9 to 1.02 | 0.149 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.84 | 1.78 to 1.89 | <0.001 | 2.08 | 1.94 to 2.23 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.18 to 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1.64 | 1.58 to 1.69 | <0.001 | 1.53 | 1.43 to 1.63 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 1.25 to 1.38 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.75 | 0.73 to 0.78 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.64 to 0.73 | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m² | |||||||||
| ≥90 | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| 60–89 | 0.9 | 0.87 to 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.88 to 1.04 | 0.273 | 1.1 | 1.02 to 1.18 | 0.018 |
| 45–59 | 0.99 | 0.94 to 1.03 | 0.519 | 1 | 0.91 to 1.1 | 0.941 | 1.44 | 1.33 to 1.56 | <0.001 |
| 30–44 | 1.1 | 1.04 to 1.16 | 0.001 | 1.15 | 1.02 to 1.29 | 0.024 | 1.83 | 1.68 to 1.99 | <0.001 |
| 15–29 | 1.31 | 1.21 to 1.42 | <0.001 | 1.32 | 1.14 to 1.53 | <0.001 | 2.65 | 2.36 to 2.97 | <0.001 |
| <15 or dialysis | 1.45 | 1.32 to 1.59 | <0.001 | 1.51 | 1.29 to 1.77 | <0.001 | 2.48 | 2.16 to 2.84 | <0.001 |
Models additionally adjusted for month of diagnosis and geographic location by Veterans Integrated Service Network location; not adjusted for the presence of an active statin prescription 6 months prior to enrolment.
ICU, intensive care unit; VHA, Veterans Health Administration.