Table 1.

Summary of SARS-CoV-2 novel variants of concern and current vaccine efficacy

Lineage name	Mutations related to spike protein	First detected	Transmissibility/disease severity	Vaccines’ efficacy/effectiveness
B.1.1.7 (Alpha)	69-70 del, 144 del, N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H	September 2020, UK	Increased transmissibility and risk for serious illness [55, 59, 224]	The majority of current vaccines displayed decent coverage against all outcomes [225] For asymptomatic infection, AZD1222 was reported to have a moderate loss of efficacy [177] CoronaVac showed a moderate loss in neutralization capacity, and NVX-CoV2373 showed a mild decline in efficacy against symptomatic disease [184, 206]
P.1 (Gamma)	L18F, T20N, P26S, D138Y, R190S, K417T, E484K, N501Y, D614G, H655Y, T1027I, V1176F	November 2020, Brazil	Increased transmissibility and risk for serious illness [12, 59, 224]	Scarce data on the impact [225] mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 exhibited a partial reduction in neutralization but provided robust protection against all forms of the disease [140, 226, 227] AZD1222 has mildly lost efficacy against symptomatic disease and Ad26.COV2.S showed mild to moderate loss of neutralization capacity [179, 182] CoronaVac has significantly lost neutralization potency [208]
B.1.351 (Beta)	L18F, D80A, D215G, L242-244 del, R246I, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G, A701V	October 2020, South Africa	Increased transmissibility and risk for serious illness [11, 59, 224]	Protection against severe illness reserved [225] Protection against symptomatic disease attenuated [225] AZD1222 and NVX-CoV2373 exhibited considerable efficacy loss against symptomatic disease, and CoronaVac showed a significant decline in neutralization capacity [178, 185, 206] Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, and BNT162b2 showed moderate loss in neutralization [182, 226, 228, 229]
B.1.617.2 (Delta)	T19R, T95I, G142D, 156-157 del, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, D950N	December 2020, India	Increased transmissibility and risk for serious illness [74, 75, 224]	Protection against severe illness reserved [225] Possible reduction in protection against infection and symptomatic disease [225, 230] Neutralizing potency of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Covaxin have been impacted mildly. AZD1222 and BNT162b2 showed a mild reduction in efficacy against symptomatic disease [121, 144, 145] Ad26.COV2.S and CoronaVac significantly lost the neutralization capacity [206, 231]
B.1.1.529 (Omicron)	A67V, del69-70, T95I, 142-144 del, Y145D, 211 del, L212I, ins214EPE, G339D, S371L, S373P, S375F, K417N, N440K, G446S, S477N, T478K, E484A, Q493R, G496S, Q498R, N501Y, Y505H, T547K, D614G, H655Y, N679K, P681H, N764K, D796Y, N856K, Q954H, N969K, L981F	November 2021, South Africa and Botswana	Increased transmissibility and probable less risk for serious illness [80, 81, 89–91]	All studied vaccines have been impacted as this variant showed severe immune evasion and elevated risk of reinfection [77] Booster doses of studied vaccines enhanced neutralization titers against this variant [83, 162, 163, 187, 192, 200]