Table 1:

S-nitrosylated proteins in the insulin pathway

SNO-Protein	SNO site	Role of S-nitrosylation in the insulin pathway	Established or potential effect of S-nitrosylation on insulin action	Is aberrant SNO involved in diabetes?	Reference
GK	C371	Insulin secretion	Activation	Yes	21–23, 26
RyR2	C3602	Insulin secretion	Activation	Yes	31–33
SUR1	C717	Insulin secretion	Inhibition	Unknown	37
Syn-1A	C145	Insulin secretion	Activation	Unknown	43
Syn-4	C141	Insulin secretion	Activation	Yes	44
NSF	C11, 91,264	Insulin secretion	Inhibition	Unknown	49–51
Cav-1	C156	Insulin transport	Activation/Inhibition	Unknown	58–60
IDE	C110,178,819	Insulin degradation	Activation	Yes	66–68
PTP1B	C215	Insulin signaling/Transport	Activation	Unknown	53, 76–78
PTEN	C83	Insulin signalling	Activation	Unknown	81–85
SHIP2	Unknown	Insulin signalling	Activation	Unknown	78
INSR-β	Unknown	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	98, 100–102, 106–109
IRS1	Unknown	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	98, 100–102, 106–109
AKT	C224	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	98–109
GSK3	C76,199,317	Insulin resistance	Activation	Unknown	112
PPARγ	C168	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Unknown	117
PDE3B	C768, 1040	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	120
SIRT1	C371,374,395,398	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	123
IRE1	C931/951	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	129–131
PDI	C36,39,383,386	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Unknown	138
UBE2D1	C85	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Unknown	142
HexB	C530	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	148
CTSB	C211	Insulin resistance	Inhibition	Yes	148