Table 1.
LDL levels and their possible effects on the development of selected types of cancer.
| Cancers | Study design | Experimental subjects | LDL level | Main effects | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | Mendelian randomization | >400,000 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (75) |
| Prospective | 244 cases | ↑ | Promote tumor growth and differentiation | (74) | |
| In vitro | HTB20, 4 T1, HTB126, MDA MB 231, MCF7, HS578T, MDA MB 468 cell lines | Promote proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis | (48, 83) | ||
| In vivo | Female BALB SCID, NOD SCID and BALB/C mice; (Rag1−/−/LDLR−/− and Rag1−/−/ApoE−/− mice | ↑ | Promote tumor growth | (84) | |
| Colorectal cancer | Case-cohort | 34148 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (96) |
| Retrospective | 453 cases | ↑ | Promote distant metastasis | (98) | |
| In vitro | SW480, LoVo and RKO cell lines | Promote migration | (55) | ||
| In vivo | AOM/DSS-treated mice | ↑ | Enhance intestinal inflammation | (55) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Mendelian randomization | 8769 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (175) |
| In vitro | PK4A cell line | Promote proliferation | (115) | ||
| In vivo | Male Pdx1-Cre, Ink4a/Arffl/fl and LSL-KrasG12D mice | ↑ | Increase recurrence risk and drug resistance | (115) | |
| Prostate cancer | Cohort | 2842 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (176) |
| Cross-sectional | 190 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (127) | |
| In vitro | LNCaP and VCaP cell lines | Promote proliferation and migration | (129) | ||
| In vivo | C57Bl/6J mice | ↑ | Promote tumor growth | (131) | |
| Renal cancer | Retrospective | 362 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (139) |
| Case-control | Cancer patients:550 cases Control:570 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (138) | |
| In vitro | SK-45 and PNX0010 cell lines | Resist chemotherapy | (50) | ||
| In vivo | Male C.B17/Icr-scid mice | ↑ | Promote tumor growth | (50) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Prospective | 26891 cases | ↓ | Increase cancer risk | (151) |
| Cohort | 16217 cases | ↓ | Increase mortality | (152) | |
| In vitro | HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines | Promote inflammation | (156) | ||
| In vitro | C57BL/6J mice | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (177) | |
| Ovarian cancer | Retrospective | 267 cases | ↑ | Improve 5-year RFS | (168) |
| Case-control | Cancer patients: 22406 cases Controls:40941 cases | No significant associations | (165) | ||
| Gastric cancer | Case-control | Cancer patients: 412 cases Controls: 2934 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (170) |
| Cross-sectional | 205 cases | ↑ | Predict metastasis risk | (171) |
↑: up-regulation, ↓: down-regulation.