Table 2.
LDL levels and their possible effects on the development of selected types of cancer.
| Cancers | Study design | Experimental subjects | ox-LDL level | Main effects | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | Case-control | Cancer patients:32 cases Controls: 30 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (86) | |
| In vitro | MCF10A cell line | Promote tumorigenesis | (88) | |||
| Colorectal cancer | Case-control | Cancer patients: 161 cases Controls: 395 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (102) | |
| Retrospective | 52 cases | ↑ | Increase cancer risk | (103) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | In vitro | KLM-1 cell line | Promote tumorigenesis and proliferation | (118) | ||
| Prostate cancer | Retrospective | 75 cases | ↑ | Promote Gleason score and lymph node metastasis | (135) | |
| In vitro | LNCaP, PC-3, C4-2, C4-2B and DU-145 | Promote proliferation, migration, and invasion | (20, 135, 136) | |||
| In vivo | Male BALB/c mice | ↑ | Enhance tumor angiogenesis | (136) | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cross-sectional | 50 cases | ↑ | Induce carcinogenesis | (161) | |
| In vivo | Female athymic nude mice and C57BL/6 mice | Promote tumorigenesis | (162) | |||
| Ovarian cancer | Case-control | Cancer patients:32 cases Controls:30 cases | ↑ | Predict cancer risk | (86) | |
| In vitro | CAOV3, SKOV3 cell lines | Promote proliferation and drug resistance | (86) | |||
| Gastric cancer | Retrospective | 17 cases | ↑ | Promote lymph node metastasis | (21) | |
| In vitro | HGC-27 and MGC-803 cell lines | Promote metastasis | (21) | |||
| In vivo | Female BALB/c nude mice | ↑ | Promote lymph node metastasis | (21) | ||
↑: up-regulation, ↓down-regulation.