Table 3.
Summary of the role of LDL and ox- LDL in cancer progression.
| Lipoproteins | Receptors | Mechanism | Effects on cancer | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LDL | LDLR | Inhibit PD1/L1 and γδ T cells | Anti-tumor therapy resistance | (51, 53) |
| Up-regulate Stemness genes | Enhance cell stemness | (55) | ||
| Activate Akt/ERK2, p38/MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways; decrease adhesion molecules expression | Proliferation and metastasis | (48, 50, 55, 82) | ||
| Activate STAT3 signaling | Invasion | (49) | ||
| ox-LDL | LOX-1, CD36 |
Induce DNA damage by ROS, activate miR-210 expression | Inflammation and mutagenesis | (39, 57, 58) |
| Activate POX to up-regulated beclin-1 activate miR-155 | Autophagy | (63, 64) | ||
| Activate NF-κB target genes VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9 by binding with LOX-1; up-regulate cytokines CT-1 by accumulating ox-LDL oxysterol metabolite | Proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis | (39, 60) | ||
| Activate PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway | EMT and migration | (174) |