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. 2022 Mar 2;20:98. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01291-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The evaluation of hormones and the effects on testes in male ICR mice with intravenous injection of IONPs. a–c The levels of hormones that were highly correlated with spermatogenesis in ICR mice at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after intravenous injection of IONPs, including FSH (a), LH (b) and testosterone (c). d–f The photo of testes (d), unilateral testicular index-changing curves (e) and accumulation of Fe ions in testes evaluated by ICP-AES (f). Data were expressed as the Mean ± S.E.M., n = 5. g, h CDC2 and Cyclin B1 protein levels detected by western blotting (g) and further quantified by ImageJ software (h) in male ICR mice at 1 day after intravenous injection of IONPs with various concentrations. Data were representative of three independent experiments, β-actin served as a loading control. i Histopathological examination of testes in ICR mice at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after intravenous injection of IONPs with various concentrations. Abnormal cells were indicated by black arrows. Scale bar, 100 μm. j, k Evaluation of N-cadherin (j) and Occludin (k) by immunohistological staining. Positive staining was indicated by red arrows. Scale bar, 100 μm