. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2021 Dec 22;601(7894):588–594. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4

Extended Data Table 1 |. Ancestry change over time in Britain.

We pool all individuals from each period and region removing those failing qpAdm modeling at p<0.01 according to Supplementary Table 5. In the left columns are qpAdm estimates of ancestry based on pre-Bronze Age source populations for each group. Below diagonal are Z-scores from f₄(Row population, Column population; Turkey_N, OldSteppe) (highlighted in red if |Z|>3). Above diagonal are inbreeding-corrected F_ST values (highlighted in yellow if F_ST>0.005).

		qpAdm results (3-way model)							Tests for difference in ancxestry between row & column (below diagonal f₄-statistic Z-score, above-diagonal F_ST)
	Sample size	P-value	WHG	EEF	Steppe	WHG error	EEF error	Steppe	England.and.Wales_N	England.and.Wales_C.EBA	England.and.Wales_MBA	England.and.Wales_LBA	England.and.Wales_IA	England.and.Wales_PostIA	England.and.Wales_Modern	Scotland_N	Scotland_C.EBA	Scotland_MBA	Scotland_LBA	Scotland_IA	Scotland_PostIA	Scotland_Modern	Ireland_N	Ireland_C.EBA	Ireland_PostIA	Ireland_Modern	Channel.Islands_8100.to.5700BP	Channel.Islands_5700.to.4450BP	Channel.Islands_IA

England.and.Wales_N	37	0.7597	20.8%	76.7%	2.6%	0.5%	0.5%	0.6%		0.02	0.0176	0.0171	0.0161	0.0219	0.0226	0.0013	0.0192	0.0188	0.0188	0.0197	0.0206	0.0239	0.0046	0.0275	0.0233	0.0225	0.0177	0.0073	0.0153
England.and.Wales_C.EBA	69	0.3840	12.6%	31.0%	56.4%	0.4%	0.5%	0.6%	−65.7		0.0007	0.0012	0.0017	0.0084	0.0107	0.0204	0.0013	0.0002	0.0013	0.0019	0.006	0.0109	0.0259	0.0112	0.0091	0.0085	0.0357	0.0173	0.0055
England.and.Wales_MBA	26	0.0918	13.5%	34.7%	51.8%	0.5%	0.6%	0.7%	−58.2	−7.3		0.0004	0.0008	0.0066	0.0088	0.0181	0.0011	0.0009	0.0013	0.0016	0.004	0.009	0.0227	0.0099	0.0064	0.0071	0.0333	0.0151	0.0043
England.and.Wales_LBA	23	0.4609	13.6%	36.1%	50.4%	0.5%	0.6%	0.7%	−52.3	−9.9	2.9		0.0006	0.0056	0.007	0.0179	0.0028	0.0012	0.0017	0.0022	0.0037	0.0077	0.0209	0.0089	0.0065	0.0052	0.0319	0.0141	0.0037
England.and.Wales_IA	273	0.3637	13.6%	37.9%	48.5%	0.3%	0.4%	0.5%	−63.9	−19.4	7	2.3		0.0053	0.0073	0.0175	0.0027	0.0011	0.0016	0.0018	0.0035	0.0076	0.0204	0.0099	0.0064	0.0049	0.0306	0.0136	0.0032
England.and.Wales_PostIA	38	0.0002	15.0%	36.6%	48.3%	0.4%	0.5%	0.6%	61	−11	−2.5	1	5.8		0.003	0.0239	0.0085	0.0051	0.0074	0.0076	0.0014	0.0037	0.0188	0.0069	4E-05	0.0024	0.0333	0.017	0.0049
England.and.Wales_Modern	62	0.6315	14.1%	40.0%	45.9%	0.4%	0.4%	0.6%	−61.3	−19.5	−8.8	−4	−3.5	8.5		0.0243	0.0107	0.0071	0.0094	0.0097	0.0034	0.0016	0.0184	0.0083	0.0029	0.0021	0.034	0.0175	0.0072

Scotland_N	44	0.6642	23.1%	74.3%	2.5%	0.4%	0.5%	0.6%	2.7	−65.1	−55.5	−51.3	−64.4	−61.3	−61.6		0.0184	0.0186	0.0182	0.0197	0.0227	0.026	0.0079	0.0296	0.0243	0.0248	0.0196	0.0084	0.0164
Scotland_C.EBA	10	0.1517	13.5%	32.2%	54.3%	0.6%	0.7%	1.0%	52	−3	1.6	4.3	6.4	3.5	7.8	−50.6		0.0011	0.002	0.0022	0.0064	0.0107	0.0243	0.0099	0.0079	0.0098	0.0338	0.0194	0.0067
Scotland_MBA	5	0.5635	14.0%	32.3%	53.7%	0.8%	0.9%	1.1%	45.2	−1.7	2	4.1	6.2	3.9	7.4	−44.8	0.5		0.0009	0.0013	0.0032	0.0074	0.0216	0.0078	0.007	0.0061	0.032	0.0132	0.0036
Scotland_LBA	4	0.8346	12.4%	34.0%	53.7%	0.8%	1.0%	1.2%	39.8	−4	−0.1	1.3	3.2	1	4.2	−40.4	−1.1	1.7		0.0002	0.0047	0.0098	0.0239	0.0101	0.0084	0.0074	0.0357	0.0152	0.007
Scotland_IA	18	0.1850	12.7%	33.4%	54.0%	0.6%	0.6%	0.8%	56.1	−3.8	1.7	4.1	8.4	4.3	10.2	−56	0.2	1.1	−1.4		0.0047	0.0095	0.0251	0.0108	0.0083	0.0069	0.035	0.0178	0.0044
Scotland_PostIA	10	0.4713	12.9%	36.4%	50.7%	0.6%	0.7%	0.9%	50.4	−7.4	−1.5	1.2	3.7	0.3	5.1	48.3	−2.5	−3	−0.6	−2.9		0.0034	0.0189	0.0068	0.0021	0.0015	0.0331	0.0162	0.0037
Scotia nd_Modern	78	0.7341	14.3%	37.5%	48.2%	0.4%	0.4%	0.6%	62.1	−12.9	−3.5	0.2	5.1	−1.2	7.9	−62.4	−4.2	−4.5	−1.5	−5.5	1		0.0201	0.0089	0.0032	0.001	0.0352	0.0179	0.0078

Ireland_N	51	0.6505	21.6%	77.9%	0.5%	0.4%	0.5%	0.5%	−0.5	−69.3	−59	−54.9	−69.3	−65.8	−65.9	3.3	51.4	45.4	40.9	57.2	52	67.2		0.0238	0.0189	0.019	0.0183	0.0081	0.0158
Ireland_C.EBA	3	0.4166	13.6%	30.5%	55.9%	0.9%	1.2%	1.5%	37.9	1.5	4.7	6.4	8	5.9	9	−38	−3.3	−2.8	−4.3	−3.9	−5.4	−6.6	−38.8		0.0056	0.0068	0.0408	0.0256	0.0094
Ireland_PostIA	3	0.0109	14.0%	34.9%	51.1%	0.9%	1.1%	1.3%	37.6	−3.8	−0.3	1.5	3.1	1.1	4.1	−37.5	1.4	1.8	0	1.3	−0.8	−1.5	38.6	−3.9		0.0027	0.0336	0.0166	0.0049
Ireland_Modern	30	0.6461	12.9%	36.8%	50.3%	0.4%	0.5%	0.7%	57.6	−8.7	0	3.2	7.3	1.3	10.6	−56.8	1.8	1.7	0.5	3.6	−1.2	−3.7	−61.1	−5.5	−0.5		0.0346	0.0161	0.005

Channel.lslands_8100.to.5700BP	3	0.7577	16.1%	82.3%	1.6%	1.3%	1.4%	1.6%	3.5	36.4	33.7	31.8	32.7	33.2	31.8	4.4	33.8	30.8	28.6	33.9	32	33	3.3	29.8	29.3	30.3		0.0126	0.0266
Channel.lslands_5700.to.4450BP	3	0.4611	31.0%	67.1%	1.9%	1.2%	1.3%	1.4%	−7.9	28.1	24.7	23.7	23.8	24.4	22.7	−7	24.1	23.3	20.8	24.9	23.4	24.4	−8.3	23	20.5	21.1	−8.4		0.0099
Channel.Islands_IA	4	0.8603	15.4%	43.9%	40.7%	0.9%	1.2%	1.4%	−28.3	11.3	7.5	6	5.3	6.7	4.2	−27.3	7.3	7.8	6.5	8.5	6.7	6.4	−29.3	9.3	5.9	5.9	22.4	13.8