Table 1.
Dysregulated PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in MDS/AML
| Disease | Upregulated molecules | Reference | Specimen types and numbers | Cell subtypes with upregulation of PD-1/PD-L1 | Clinical outcome associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDS | PD-L1 | Cheng et al. [62] | BM (n = 10) | CD34+ cells; CD33+ CD14+ MDSCs; CD71+ erythroid progenitors | NA |
| Kondo et al. [31] | BM (n = 40) | CD34+ cells | Higher PD-L1 expression was correlated with higher risk IPSS category | ||
| Tcvetkovet al. [67] | BM (n = 57) | CD34+ cells | Higher PD-L1 expression was mostly seen during maturation of myeloid blasts into granulocytes | ||
| Yang et al. [68] | BM (n = 69) | CD34+ cells | Higher PD-L1 expression was correlated with disease subtypes (MDS 2008 WHO classification) and a trend towards worse survival | ||
| Montes et al. [69] | PB (n = 69) | CD34+ cells | Higher PD-L1 expression was seen in MDS rather than sAML | ||
| Moskorz et al. [70] | BM (n = 7) | CD34+ cells | Higher PD-L1 expression was seen in CD38+ subset compared to CD38− subset | ||
| Sallman et al. [80] | BM (n = 107) | CD34+ cells | PD-L1 expression on HSCs was not correlated with blast percentage in BM, disease progression or IPSS-R risk categories | ||
| PD-1 | Cheng et al. [62] | BM(n = 10) | CD4+ /CD8+ T cells; CD34+ HSPCs; CD71+ erythroid progenitors | NA | |
| Yang et al. [68] | PB (n = 24) | PBMNCs | Higher PD-1 expression was correlated with older age | ||
| Meng et al. [30] | PB(n = 26) | CD4+ /CD8+ T cells | Higher PD-1 expression was correlated with higher risk IPSS category | ||
| Coats et al. [26] | PB (n = 26) | CD4+ effector memory cells; CD4+ memory cells; CD4+ TNF-α secreting cells; CD4+ /CD8+ naive T cells; Tregs | PD-1 expression was not correlated with disease stages | ||
| Tcvetkov et al. [67] | BM (n = 57) | CD4+ /CD8+ T cells | NA | ||
| AML | PD-L1 | Brodská, et al. [71] | PB(n = 36) | CD45dimSSC gating blasts | Higher PD-L1 expression was correlated with poor OS in patients with concomitant FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations |
| Tamura et al. [72] | BM (n = 36) | CD34+ cells | NA | ||
| Dong et al. [66] | BM (n = 65) | CD45dimSSC gating blasts | NA | ||
| Zhang et al. [73] | BM (n = 79) | CD34+ cells | Higher PD-L1 expression was observed in AML-M5 according to FAB classification, and correlated with a higher relapse rate | ||
| Berthon et al. [63] | BM (n = 79) | CD34+ cells | Levels of PD-1 expression was not correlated with NPM1 or FLT3 mutations in newly diagnosed patients; | ||
| Krönig et al. [74] | BM (n = 154) | CD34+ cells | Levels of PD-L1 expression was not correlated with blasts load | ||
| Williams et al. [75] | BM (n = 107) | CD34+ cells | Higher PD-L1 expression were observed in patients harboring TP53‐mutation and complex cytogenetics | ||
| Wu et al. [76] | PB (n = 22) | Vδ2 T cells | NA | ||
| PD-1 | Wan et al. [25] | PB (n = 45) | Tregs | NA | |
| Tang et al. [77] | PB (n = 50) | CD4+ /CD8+ /γδ T cells | Higher PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells was correlated with poor OS and EFS | ||
| Dong et al. [66] | BM (n = 65) | Tregs | Higher PD-1 expression on Tregs was correlated with poor OS and DFS, and suggested a trend of higher frequencies PD-L1+ blasts in BM | ||
| Daver et al. [78] | BM(n = 74) | CD4+ /CD8+ / Tregs | NA | ||
| Williams et al. [75] | BM (n = 107) | CD4+ /CD8+ | NA | ||
| Schnorfeil et al. [79] | PB (n = 37); BM (n = 44) | CD4+ /CD8+ T cells | Levels of PD-1 expression was not correlated with CMV serostatus | ||
| Tan et al. [23] | PB (n = 30); BM (n = 15) | CD3+ /CD8+ | NA |
BM bone marrow, EFS event-free survival, ITD internal tandem duplications, PBMNCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells, MDSCs myeloid-derived suppressor cells, NA not applicable, NPM1 nucleophosmin, sAML secondary acute myeloid leukemia, Tregs regulatory T cells