Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the outpatient COVID-19 cohort.
| Baseline characteristic | Overall cohort (n = 11,246) |
ACEI/ARB exposed (n = 7663) |
non-ACEI/ARB exposed (n = 3583) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 61.2 ± 12.7 | 61.6 ± 12.2 | 60.5 ± 13.5 |
| <45 | 1140 (10%) | 683 (9%) | 457 (13%) |
| 45–64 | 5426 (48%) | 3736 (49%) | 1690 (47%) |
| ≥65 | 4680 (42%) | 3244 (42%) | 1436 (40%) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 6262 (56%) | 4081 (53%) | 2181 (61%) |
| Male | 4983 (44%) | 3581 (47%) | 1402 (39%) |
| Unknown | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Race, self-reported | |||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 68 (1%) | 52 (1%) | 16 (0%) |
| Asian | 286 (3%) | 215 (3%) | 71 (2%) |
| Black or African American | 3059 (27%) | 1888 (25%) | 1171 (33%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 40 (0%) | 29 (0%) | 11 (0%) |
| White | 6231 (55%) | 4365 (57%) | 1866 (52%) |
| Multiple race | 81 (1%) | 55 (1%) | 26 (1%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic | 8956 (80%) | 6010 (78%) | 2946 (82%) |
| Hispanic | 1716 (15%) | 1258 (16%) | 458 (13%) |
| Height, inches | 66.3 ± 4.2 | 66.4 ± 4.3 | 66.1 ± 4.1 |
| Missing data | 1877 (17%) | 1268 (17%) | 609 (17%) |
| Weight, lbs | 192.3 ± 1.9 | 192.3 ± 1.9 | 192.3 ± 1.9 |
| Missing data | 9888 (88%) | 6745 (88%) | 3143 (88%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 32.7 ± 8.0 | 33.0 ± 8.0 | 32.2 ± 8.0 |
| Missing data | 4787 (43%) | 3314 (43%) | 1473 (41%) |
| Vitals & labs | |||
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | 133 ± 18 | 133 ± 18 | 132 ± 17 |
| Diastolic | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 |
| Missing BP data | 3695 (33%) | 2517 (33%) | 1178 (33%) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 172 ± 45 | 170 ± 46 | 177 ± 44 |
| Missing data | 4204 (37%) | 2706 (35%) | 1498 (42%) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51 ± 15 | 50 ± 15 | 52 ± 16 |
| Missing data | 4907 (44%) | 3201 (42%) | 1706 (48%) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 96 ± 36 | 95 ± 36 | 100 ± 36 |
| Missing data | 4339 (39%) | 2799 (37%) | 1540 (43%) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 142 ± 98 | 144 ± 103 | 135 ± 83 |
| Missing data | 4450 (40%) | 2875 (38%) | 1575 (44%) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 6.74 ± 1.66 | 6.86 ± 1.71 | 6.41 ± 1.48 |
| Missing data | 5065 (45%) | 3195 (42%) | 1870 (52%) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.01 ± 0.48 | 1.00 ± 0.44 | 1.02 ± 0.56 |
| Missing data | 1922 (17%) | 1280 (17%) | 642 (18%) |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 73.58 ± 25.28 | 73.62 ± 24.89 | 73.50 ± 26.12 |
| Missing data | 5667 (50%) | 3855 (50%) | 1812 (51%) |
| Serum potassium, mg/dL | 4.21 ± 0.48 | 4.23 ± 0.47 | 4.17 ± 0.50 |
| Missing data | 2368 (21%) | 1554 (20%) | 814 (23%) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Current smoking | 1682 (15%) | 1114 (15%) | 568 (16%) |
| Diabetes | 4642 (41%) | 3561 (46%) | 1081 (30%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2782 (25%) | 1958 (26%) | 824 (23%) |
| End-stage renal disease | 6 (0%) | 3 (0%) | 3 (0%) |
| History of kidney transplant | 10 (0%) | 6 (0%) | 4 (0%) |
| Heart failure with reduced EF | 599 (5%) | 387 (5%) | 212 (6%) |
| History of CHD | 1681 (15%) | 1169 (15%) | 512 (14%) |
| Prior coronary revascularization | 132 (1%) | 91 (1%) | 41 (1%) |
| History of stroke | 365 (3%) | 266 (3%) | 99 (3%) |
| History of PAD | 306 (3%) | 212 (3%) | 94 (3%) |
| History of ASCVD | 2055 (18%) | 1443 (19%) | 612 (17%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 660 (6%) | 403 (5%) | 257 (7%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 787 (7%) | 489 (6%) | 298 (8%) |
| Asthma | 1361 (12%) | 906 (12%) | 455 (13%) |
| History of depression | 1754 (16%) | 1191 (16%) | 563 (16%) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Score | 2.40 ± 3.26 | 2.29 ± 3.12 | 2.62 ± 3.52 |
| Medication use | |||
| Statin | 3085 (27%) | 2297 (30%) | 788 (22%) |
| Aspirin | 1058 (9%) | 754 (10%) | 304 (8%) |
| Anticoagulants | 926 (8%) | 615 (8%) | 311 (9%) |
| Antihypertensives | |||
| ACE inhibitor | 4051 (36%) | 4051 (53%) | 0 (0%) |
| ARB | 3825 (34%) | 3825 (50%) | 0 (0%) |
| Direct renin inhibitor | 6 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 5 (0%) |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 550 (5%) | 337 (4%) | 213 (6%) |
| Dihydropyridine CCB | 3946 (35%) | 2397 (31%) | 1549 (43%) |
| Non-dihydropyridine CCB | 490 (4%) | 287 (4%) | 203 (6%) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 4195 (37%) | 3015 (39%) | 1180 (33%) |
| Loop diuretic | 1391 (12%) | 912 (12%) | 479 (13%) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretic | 306 (3%) | 150 (2%) | 156 (4%) |
| β-blocker | 4485 (40%) | 2714 (35%) | 1771 (49%) |
| α1 blocker | 224 (2%) | 152 (2%) | 72 (2%) |
| α2 agonist | 240 (2%) | 149 (2%) | 91 (3%) |
| Direct vasodilator | 493 (4%) | 338 (4%) | 155 (4%) |
| Insurance type | |||
| Medicaid | 494 (4%) | 317 (4%) | 177 (5%) |
| Medicare | 1571 (14%) | 1096 (14%) | 475 (13%) |
| Other government | 191 (2%) | 139 (2%) | 52 (1%) |
| Commercial insurance or managed care | 1975 (18%) | 1328 (17%) | 647 (18%) |
| Self-pay or charity care | 164 (1%) | 117 (2%) | 47 (1%) |
| Other | 67 (1%) | 45 (1%) | 22 (1%) |
| Unknown | 891 (8%) | 639 (8%) | 252 (7%) |
| Missing data | 5893 (52%) | 3982 (52%) | 1911 (53%) |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF, ejection fraction; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL—C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.