Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the inpatient COVID-19 cohort.
| Baseline characteristic | Overall cohort (n = 2200) |
ACEI/ARB exposed (n = 1463) |
non-ACEI/ARB exposed (n = 737) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 66.6 ± 12.6 | 66.1 ± 12.1 | 67.5 ± 13.5 |
| <45 | 127 (6%) | 76 (5%) | 51 (7%) |
| 45–64 | 741 (34%) | 531 (36%) | 210 (28%) |
| ≥65 | 1332 (61%) | 856 (59%) | 476 (65%) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1110 (50%) | 727 (50%) | 383 (52%) |
| Male | 1090 (50%) | 736 (50%) | 354 (48%) |
| Unknown | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Race, self-reported | |||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 26 (1%) | 19 (1%) | 7 (1%) |
| Asian | 47 (2%) | 33 (2%) | 14 (2%) |
| Black or African American | 677 (31%) | 448 (31%) | 229 (31%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 11 (1%) | 6 (0%) | 5 (1%) |
| White | 1204 (55%) | 782 (53%) | 422 (57%) |
| Multiple races | 15 (1%) | 11 (1%) | 4 (1%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic | 1896 (86%) | 1248 (85%) | 648 (88%) |
| Hispanic | 269 (12%) | 196 (13%) | 73 (10%) |
| Height, inches | 66.7 ± 4.3 | 66.8 ± 4.3 | 66.3 ± 4.4 |
| Missing data | 168 (8%) | 104 (7%) | 64 (9%) |
| Weight, pounds | 192.1 ± 1.9 | 192.1 ± 1.9 | 192.2 ± 2.0 |
| Missing data | 1851 (84%) | 1220 (83%) | 631 (86%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 32.6 ± 8.6 | 32.6 ± 8.2 | 32.5 ± 9.2 |
| Missing data | 678 (31%) | 446 (30%) | 232 (31%) |
| Vitals & Labs | |||
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | 132 ± 20 | 133 ± 21 | 129 ± 19 |
| Diastolic | 75 ± 12 | 76 ± 13 | 75 ± 12 |
| Missing BP data | 764 (35%) | 520 (36%) | 244 (33%) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 160 ± 48 | 159 ± 48 | 164 ± 46 |
| Missing data | 1035 (47%) | 625 (43%) | 410 (56%) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47 ± 15 | 47 ± 15 | 49 ± 15 |
| Missing data | 1054 (48%) | 640 (44%) | 414 (56%) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 87 ± 37 | 85 ± 38 | 92 ± 35 |
| Missing data | 1050 (48%) | 637 (44%) | 413 (56%) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 144 ± 88 | 149 ± 89 | 132 ± 84 |
| Missing data | 1022 (46%) | 622 (43%) | 400 (54%) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 7.17 ± 1.90 | 7.32 ± 1.95 | 6.79 ± 1.71 |
| Missing data | 960 (44%) | 581 (40%) | 379 (51%) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.29 ± 1.10 | 1.32 ± 1.23 | 1.22 ± 0.78 |
| Missing data | 233 (11%) | 158 (11%) | 75 (10%) |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 53.05 ± 25.53 | 52.58 ± 25.57 | 54.00 ± 25.46 |
| Missing data | 820 (37%) | 543 (37%) | 277 (38%) |
| Serum potassium, mg/dL | 4.15 ± 0.58 | 4.16 ± 0.58 | 4.12 ± 0.57 |
| Missing data | 277 (13%) | 192 (13%) | 85 (12%) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Current smoking | 775 (35%) | 502 (34%) | 273 (37%) |
| Diabetes | 1285 (58%) | 928 (63%) | 357 (48%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1227 (56%) | 825 (56%) | 402 (55%) |
| End-stage renal disease | 44 (2%) | 28 (2%) | 16 (2%) |
| History of kidney transplant | 7 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 5 (1%) |
| Heart failure with reduced EF | 437 (20%) | 293 (20%) | 144 (20%) |
| History of CHD | 766 (35%) | 502 (34%) | 264 (36%) |
| Prior coronary revascularization | 48 (2%) | 34 (2%) | 14 (2%) |
| History of stroke | 206 (9%) | 142 (10%) | 64 (9%) |
| History of PAD | 224 (10%) | 141 (10%) | 83 (11%) |
| History of ASCVD | 939 (43%) | 623 (43%) | 316 (43%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 392 (18%) | 225 (15%) | 167 (23%) |
| COPD | 536 (24%) | 336 (23%) | 200 (27%) |
| Asthma | 421 (19%) | 282 (19%) | 139 (19%) |
| History of depression | 681 (31%) | 435 (30%) | 246 (33%) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Score | 6.44 ± 4.25 | 6.27 ± 4.16 | 6.76 ± 4.39 |
| Medication use | |||
| Statin | 875 (40%) | 635 (43%) | 240 (33%) |
| Aspirin | 483 (22%) | 341 (23%) | 142 (19%) |
| Anticoagulants | 546 (25%) | 344 (24%) | 202 (27%) |
| Antihypertensives | |||
| ACE inhibitor | 846 (38%) | 846 (58%) | 0 (0%) |
| ARB | 673 (31%) | 673 (46%) | 0 (0%) |
| Direct renin inhibitor | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 219 (10%) | 144 (10%) | 75 (10%) |
| Dihydropyridine CCB | 888 (40%) | 587 (40%) | 301 (41%) |
| Non-dihydropyridine CCB | 165 (8%) | 100 (7%) | 65 (9%) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 677 (31%) | 516 (35%) | 161 (22%) |
| Loop diuretic | 715 (33%) | 448 (31%) | 267 (36%) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretic | 42 (2%) | 22 (2%) | 20 (3%) |
| β-blocker | 1245 (57%) | 780 (53%) | 465 (63%) |
| α1 blocker | 67 (3%) | 43 (3%) | 24 (3%) |
| α2 agonist | 85 (4%) | 58 (4%) | 27 (4%) |
| Direct vasodilator | 294 (13%) | 196 (13%) | 98 (13%) |
| Insurance type | |||
| Medicaid | 170 (8%) | 125 (9%) | 45 (6%) |
| Medicare | 628 (29%) | 406 (28%) | 222 (30%) |
| Other government | 32 (1%) | 20 (1%) | 12 (2%) |
| Commercial Insurance or Managed Care | 242 (11%) | 177 (12%) | 65 (9%) |
| Self-pay or charity care | 27 (1%) | 22 (2%) | 5 (1%) |
| Other | 26 (1%) | 17 (1%) | 9 (1%) |
| Unknown | 75 (3%) | 52 (4%) | 23 (3%) |
| Missing data | 1000 (45%) | 644 (44%) | 356 (48%) |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF, ejection fraction; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL—C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.