Table 1.

Virus recovery using different methods for concentrating virus from wastewater.

Method	Sample type	Materials/condition	Time	Virus	Virus recovery percentage	Ref
Adsorption extraction method	Wastewater Inoculated with virus	•pH 4–6.9 •Addition of MgCl2 •0.45 μm Electronegative membrane	< 30 min	Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) Seeded into wastewater	26.7 ± 15.3% (Acidification of sample) 65.7 ± 23% (pre-treatment with MgCl2)	[49,75,99]
	Wastewater Inoculated with virus	•Aluminum based adsorption-precipitation •Beef extraction solution •Centrifugation	< 2 h	SARS-CoV2 Mengovirus (MgV) PEDV strain CV777	30.2 ± 17.7% 6.8 ± 4.8% <2%	[91]
	Influent wastewater collected from wastewater plant	•pH 6.0 •Aluminum hydroxide (AlOH3) precipitation •Beef extraction solution •Centrifugation	< 2 h	MgV	0.02–4.3%	[77,100]
	Biobanked influent water samples inoculated with viruses	•pH 6.0 •Aluminum hydroxide (AlOH3) precipitation •Beef extraction solution •Centrifugation	< 2 h	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain CV777, enveloped virus Non-enveloped virus, Mengovirus (MgV)	PEDV: 11 ± 3.5% (Influent water) 3.3 ± 1.6% (Effluent water) MgV: 11 ± 2.1% (Influent water) 6.2 ± 1.0%(Effluent water)	[77]
Ultracentrifugation	Influent wastewater collected from wastewater plant	Centrifugation 140,000 ×g for 2 h 20 min 120,000 ×g for 30 min 229,600 ×g for 1 h	<5 h	Non-enveloped virus, MgV	8.04–25.72%	[77]
	Wastewater From water treatment plant	150,000 ×g at 90 min	<2 h	SARS-CoV-2	12%	[35,80]
	Wastewater	Centrifugation 100,000 ×g for 1 h 12,000 ×g for 15 min	< 2 h	Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) Seeded into wastewater	35.5 ± 12.1%	[76]
	Raw sewage water from sewage treatment plant	100,000 ×g for 1 h 12,000 ×g for 15 min 100,000 ×g for 1 h	< 2 h	Rotavirus (RV-A) Bacteriophasge (PP7)	Range 34%–67% Mean: 47%	[101]
Ultrafiltration	Wastewater	10, 30 and 100 kDa membrane filter PEG precipitation		CoV	33–42%	[81,82]
	Wastewater From water treatment plant seeded with viruses	CP-Select (Concentration pipette ultrafiltration tips, InnovaPrep) Centricon® Plus 70 centrifugal ultrafiltration devices (CeUF)	< 2 h	Bacteriophage MS2 Murine hepatitis coronavirus (MHV)	CP-Select MS2: 27.72 ± 24.4% MHV: 7.51 ± 6.14% CeUF MS2: 26.34 ± 22.71% MHV: 24.07 ± 14.48%	[81]
	Wastewater influent from water treatment plant	Centricon® Plus 70 centrifugal ultrafiltration devices (CeUF)	~ 1 h	Mengovirus	17.5–100.5%	[83]
	Wastewater	CP-Select (Concentration pipette ultrafiltration tips, InnovaPrep) Electronegative membrane (EM)	< 1 h	Bovine Coronavirus	CP-Select: 5.5 ± 2.1% EM: 4.8 ± 2.8%	[102]
	Wastewater	Americon Ultra-15(30 K) Centricon plus-70	<1 h	Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) Seeded into wastewater	56.7 ± 32.3% 28.0 ± 9.1%	[49,103]
Precipitation	Wastewater Inoculated with virus	10% PEG8000 2% NaCl w/v	< 1 h	Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) Seeded into wastewater	44.0 ± 27.7%	[84]
	Grab wastewater Inoculated with virus	PEG8000(20%) 25 mL of Tris Glycine-Beef Extract buffer (TGEB) NaCl 0.3 M	Overnight incubation	SARS-CoV2 Mengovirus (MgV) PEDV strain CV777	52.8 ± 18.2% 11.1 ± 4.9% 2.6%	[91]
	Grab wastewater from wastewater treatment plant	PEG8000 and NaCl2	<24 h	F-phage	~10%	[87]
	Grab wastewater from wastewater treatment plant	Pre-centrifugation PEG8000 and 10%NaCl2	Overnight incubation <24 h	Bacteriophage MS2 Pseudomano Phage Ҩ6	27.5% -77.6% 29.8%–49.8%	[88]