Fig. 12.

Schematic representation of an assay for the detection of p53 autoantibodies. P53-functionalized Au@NPFe₂O₃NC was used as a ‘dispersible nanocapture agent’ for capturing target autoantibodies in serum. The bionanoconjugates were treated with HRP-IgG antibodies and a TMB-substrate solution after magnetic purification and separation. The level of autoantibody concentration against p53 antigen was detected by the naked-eye, UV–vis and an electrochemical detection technique. Reproduced from ref. [146] with the permission from RSC.