Table 1.

Demographic characterization from years in baseline and pandemic groups.

	Baseline year	Pandemic year	Estimates	SD		LMM Fixed effects		95% CI
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD			t	p	d
Enough TIB*	1.29 ± 1.14	1.75 ± 1.19	-0.46	0.08	-5.72	<0.001	0.50	-0.63 to -0.31
SC/SRC**	2.31 ± 1.06	1.56 ± 1.43	0.75	0.10	7.68	<0.001	0.68	0.55 to 0.93
PDSS	17.99 ± 4.87	16.58 ± 5.05	1.39	0.31	4.53	<0.001	0.40	0.79 to 2.01
M/E	25.14 ± 5.43	22.94 ± 6.07	2.20	0.32	6.82	<0.001	0.60	1.56 to 2.83
PSQI (score)***	6.56 ± 2.83	6.58 ± 3.00	-0.02	0.19	-0.10	0.92	0.01	-0.39 to 0.36
(C1)	1.33 ± 0.72	1.36 ± 0.83	-0.03	0.06	-0.47	0.64	0.04	-0.14 to 0.08
(C2)	1.41 ± 0.95	1.54 ± 0.98	-0.13	0.06	-2.13	0.03	0.19	-0.27 to -0.01
(C3)	0.90 ± 0.84	0.37 ± 0.70	0.53	0.06	9.10	<0.001	0.80	0.42 to 0.65
(C4)	0.25 ± 0.60	0.79 ± 1.04	-0.54	0.07	-7.98	<0.001	0.70	-0.67 to -0.40
(C5)	1.19 ± 0.61	1.16 ± 0.59	0.03	0.04	0.91	0.36	0.08	-0.04 to 0.11
(C7)	1.48 ± 0.80	1.36 ± 0.75	0.12	0.06	2.00	0.046	0.18	0.01 to 0.23

Notes: *Both score in enough TIB and sleepiness in the classroom/remote classes is from 0 (never) to 4 (always); ^**Sleepiness in the classroom/sleepiness in remote classes (SC/SRC). This variable was extracted by the first question of pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS): “How often do you fall asleep or get drowsy during class periods?”. Sleepiness in the classroom was collected in the baseline year whereas sleepiness in the remote classes was collected during the pandemic year; ***Total score of PSQI (Pittsburgh sleep quality index) and their six components validated by Passos et al. (2017)³⁵: subjective sleep quality (C1); sleep latency (C2); sleep duration (C3); habitual sleep efficiency (C4); sleep disturbances (C5); daytime dysfunction (C7); LMM = Linear mixed model; SD = Standard deviation; d = Cohen’s d effect size.