Table 4.

Patient and provider variables with source

Type	Variable	Source within EHR
Primary outcomes	Adherence (AC start)—yes/no by 1 of 2 criteria  (1)Warfarin, direct oral anticoagulant, or low-molecular-weight heparin at therapeutic dosing  (2)INR ≥1.5 Persistence—months on AC after start	Medication records with active status∗, including outside pharmacy records through Surescripts health information network Laboratory records
Secondary outcomes	Stroke/TIA/systemic embolism Bleeding—major + clinically relevant	ICD codes† and then verification by chart review
Independent	Intervention vs control	Encounter records
Covariates	Patient factors
	AF subtype—paroxysmal, persistent, chronic vs typical or atypical atrial flutter AF onset duration	ICD codes
	AC treatment history Bleeding history	ICD codes
	Demographics Race Ethnicity (Hispanic/non-Hispanic) Language preference Zip code–based income Insurance	Demographic records
	Risk score CHA2DS2-VASc score	Demographic records for age, ICD codes
	Comorbidities‡ Chronic kidney disease Chronic liver disease Low platelet count Anemia Hemophilia Other bleeding diathesis	ICD codes + laboratory test results
	Provider factors
	Age	Credentialing office records
	Years since graduation from medical/nursing school
	Physician vs mid-level provider
	Other—timing of appointment relative to baseline (January 2019 for pre-launch or January 2020 for post-launch)	Scheduling database in EHR

AC = anticoagulation; AF = atrial fibrillation; CHA₂DS₂-VASc = stroke risk score consisting of congestive heart failure, hypertension, age 75+, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, age 65 to 75, sex; EHR = electronic health record; ICD = International Classification of Disease; INR = international normalized ratio; TIA= transient ischemic attack.

^∗Active status includes any script for which status is not discontinued.

^†ICD codes detailed in Appendix A.

^‡Those not included in CHA₂DS₂-VASc score.