6. Food security and dietary diversity indices reported by included studies.
| Index/scale (study ID of studies reporting this measure) | Definition | Interpretation | Reference cited |
| Household food security indices | |||
|
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) (Daidone 2014; Hjelm 2017; Kangmennaang 2017) or Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence (HFIAP) (Doocy 2017; Osei 2017; Weinhardt 2017) |
HFIAS: sum of responses to 9 questions related to 4 domains of food security of a HH during the past 4 weeks. HFIAP: categorises HHs into 4 levels of HH food insecurity, based on the frequency and severity of food insecurity experienced by HHs. |
HFIAS: score ranges from 0 to 27. The higher the score the more food insecure the HH. HFIAP: categorised as: food secure, and mild, moderately and severely food insecure. |
Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: indicator guide. Version 3. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development;2006 |
|
Food Security Score (Beegle 2017) |
Scores HHs in terms of 4 levels of HH food insecurity, based on the frequency and severity of food insecurity experienced by HHs. | Ranges from –1 to –4; higher value indicates greater food security | World Food Programme |
|
Resilience index (Beegle 2017) |
Based on the World Food Program Coping Strategy Index. Weighted sum of the number of days in the past 7 days that HHs had to reduce the quantity and quality food consumed. | Higher values indicate food security | Maxwell D, Caldwell R. The Coping Strategies Index: Field methods Manual. Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE), January 2008. |
|
Food Security Index (FSI) (Pellerano 2014) |
Study authors adapted the food security component of the Bristol Child Deprivation Index. It is a simple mean of 3 questions related to child food security. | Severe food deprivation: FSI > 2. | Gordon D, Nandy S, Pantazis C, Pemberton S, Townsend P. (2003), the Distribution of Child Poverty in the Developing World, Policy Press, Centre for International Poverty Research, University of Bristol, July 2003. |
|
Food Security Index (Haushofer 2013) |
Weighted mean of 17 outcome measures of food security and hunger. | The higher the index, the greater the food security | No reference cited |
| HHdietary diversity indices | |||
|
HDDS (Alaofe 2019; Breisinger 2018; Brunie 2014; Daidone 2014; Hidrobo 2014; Jodlowski 2016a; Kurdi 2019; Merttens 2013; Olney 2016b) |
Sum of the number of food groups consumed by a HH during the past day or week, or longer (e.g. 2 or 4 weeks). Food groups included cereals, roots and tubers, vegetables (included vitamin A‐rich vegetables and tubers, dark leafy vegetables and other), fruits (included vitamin A fruits and other), meat (includes organ meat and flesh meat), eggs, fish, pulses and legumes, fats and oil, sugar and sweets, milk and other milk product, and spices and beverages. | Score ranges from 0 to 12; higher score reflected higher level of dietary diversity. | Kennedy G, Ballard T, Dop M, 2011. Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) for measurement of household food access: indicator guide (v.2). Washington (DC): FHI 360/FANTA; 2006. |
|
Dietary Diversity Index (DDI) (Hoddinott 2013; Pellerano 2014) or Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) (Asfaw 2014) or Food diversity composite score (Miller 2011) |
Sum of the number of food groups consumed by a HH during the past week. Food groups included main staples, pulses, vegetables, fruit, meat (or fish or egg); dairy products, sugar and oil. | Score ranges from 0 to 8; higher score reflects higher level of dietary diversity. | Ruel M. 2003. Operationalizing dietary diversity: a review of measurement issues and research priorities. Journal of Nutrition 133, 3911S–3926S. |
|
Dietary Diversity Index (DDI) (Hoddinott 2013); or Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) (Hidrobo 2014; Schwab 2013) |
Sum of the number of distinct food items consumed by a HH during the previous week. Depended on the number of food items included in the dietary questionnaire. | Score ranges from 0 to 25 (Hoddinott 2013); 0 to 40 (Hidrobo 2014); 0 to 39 (Schwab 2013); higher score reflects higher level of dietary diversity. | Ruel M. 2003. Operationalizing dietary diversity: a review of measurement issues and research priorities. Journal of Nutrition 133, 3911S–3926S. |
|
Food Consumption Score (FCS) (Ahmed 2019a; Ahmed 2019b; Beegle 2017; Hidrobo 2014; Hoddinott 2013; Pellerano 2014; Ponce 2017) |
Weighted sum of the consumption frequency of the 8 food groups consumed by a HH during the past week. Food groups include main staples, pulses, vegetables, fruit, meat (or fish or egg), dairy products, sugar and oil. | Maximum score is 112 or 126. Acceptable food consumption: FCS ≥ 35; Borderline food consumption: FCS between 21 and 35; Poor food consumption: FCS < 35 |
WFP, 2008. Food consumption analysis: Calculation and use of the food consumption score in food security analysis. World Food Programme, Rome |
| Individual dietary diversity indices | |||
|
Individual Child Dietary Diversity score (IDDS) (Darrouzet Nardi 2016; Hoddinott 2013; Marquis 2018; Pellerano 2014; Skoufias 2013; Tonguet Papucci 2015) |
Sum of number of food groups consumed by a child aged 6–23 months or a child aged < 5 years during the past 24 hours calculated from 17 foods, aggregated into 7 food groups: starchy staples (grains and white potatoes); vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables; other fruits and vegetables; offal, meat, and fish; eggs; legumes, nuts, and seeds; milk and dairy products | Score ranges from 0 to 7; higher score reflects higher level of dietary diversity. Minimum dietary diversity: Dietary Diversity Score ≥ 4 |
World Health Organization, 2010. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. World Health Organization, Geneva. |
|
Individual Child Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) (Brunie 2014) |
Sum of the number of different food groups consumed during the past day by a child aged < 5 years (12 food groups). | Score ranges from 0 to 12; higher score reflects higher level of dietary diversity | Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. FAO Nutrition – 2007 – FAO, Rome (Italy) |
|
Women's Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS‐10) (Alaofe 2019) |
Sum of the number of food groups consumed during the past 24 hours calculated from the following food groups: starchy staples; beans and peas; nuts and seeds; dairy; flesh foods; eggs; vitamin A‐rich dark green leafy vegetables; other vitamin A‐rich vegetables and fruits; other fruits and other vegetables. | Score ranges from 0 to 10; higher score reflects higher level of dietary diversity | Kennedy G, Ballard T, Dop M, 2011. Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. |
aJodlowski 2016: modified HDDS to a total score out of 13. bOlney 2016: the egg food group was not included because of an oversight during survey design.
HH: household.