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. 2022 Jan 27;9(1):2024051. doi: 10.1080/23723556.2021.2024051

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Carboxylesterase (CES)1-dependent metabolic rewiring in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) etiopathogenesis. CES1 is upregulated by HNF4A and NF-κB in the Consensus Molecular Subtype (CMS)2 and CMS4 CRC subtypes and promotes tumor cell survival by increasing triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown to fuel fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) during starvation and preventing toxic lipid accumulation, which triggers apoptosis and ferroptosis. as CES1 is also expressed in adipocytes, we speculate it may also play a role in the symbiosis of CRC cells with adipocytes.