Table 2.
The evidence level of the outcomes obtained in this study was evaluated using GRADE.
| Quality assessment | No of patients | Effect | Quality | Importance | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of studies | Design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | PPI | Conventional treatment | Relative (95% CI) | Absolute | ||
| Case fatality rate | ||||||||||||
| 9 | Randomized trials | Seriousa | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | Reporting biasa | 16/523 (3.1%) | 42/450 (9.3%) | RR 0.3 (0.18 to 0.52) | 65 fewer per 1,000 (from 45 fewer to 77 fewer) | ⊕⊕○○ LOW |
|
| 8.6% | 60 fewer per 1,000 (from 41 fewer to 71 fewer) | |||||||||||
| Clinical efficacy | ||||||||||||
| 5 | Randomized trials | Seriousa | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | None | 290/348 (83.3%) | 213/266 (80.1%) | RR 1.1 (1.02 to 1.19) | 80 more per 1,000 (from 16 more to 152 more) | ⊕⊕⊕○ MODERATE | |
| 70% | 70 more per 1,000 (from 14 more to 133 more) | |||||||||||
| Incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding | ||||||||||||
| 10 | Randomized trials | Seriousa | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | Reporting biasa | 16/584 (2.7%) | 67/511 (13.1%) | RR 0.23 (0.14 to 0.38) | 101 fewer per 1000 (from 81 fewer to 113 fewer) | ⊕⊕○○ LOW |
|
| 15.1% | 116 fewer per 1,000 (from 94 fewer to 130 fewer) | |||||||||||
| Incidence of adverse reactions | ||||||||||||
| 11 | Randomized trials | Seriousa | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | Reporting biasa | 122/678 (18%) | 334/635 (52.6%) | RR 0.33 (0.28 to 0.39) | 352 fewer per 1000 (from 321 fewer to 379 fewer) | ⊕⊕○○ LOW |
|
| 48% | 322 fewer per 1,000 (from 293 fewer to 346 fewer) | |||||||||||
| The number of acute exacerbations (Better indicated by lower values) | ||||||||||||
| 2 | Randomized trials | Seriousa | Seriousa | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | None | 113 | 113 | – | MD 1.17 lower (1.75 to 0.6 lower) | ⊕⊕○○ LOW |
|
| FEV1/FVC (Better indicated by lower values) | ||||||||||||
| 2 | Randomized trials | Seriousa | No serious inconsistency | Seriousa | No serious imprecision | None | 90 | 91 | – | MD 3.94 higher (8.7 lower to 16.58 higher) | ⊕⊕○○ LOW |
|
| Nosocomial infection rate | ||||||||||||
| 2 | Randomized trials | Seriousa | Seriousa | No serious indirectness | Seriousa | None | 17/165 (10.3%) | 7/113 (6.2%) | RR 1.31 (0.57 to 3) | 19 more per 1,000 (from 27 fewer to 124 more) | ⊕○○○ VERY LOW |
|
| 6.8% | 21 more per 1,000 (from 29 fewer to 136 more) | |||||||||||
a
means Risk of bias graph.