Table 2. Outcome measures and results.
| Author, year | Outcome measure/ tested muscles | Assessment time | Experimental group (mean ± SD) | Control group (mean + SD) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krause et al., 200835 | MAS /quadriceps muscle | At baseline and post treatment | AVG of Left leg Pre 2.75 ± 0.5 Post1.5 ± 0.3 AVG of right leg Pre 2.80 ± 0.07 Post 1.35.03 |
AVG of Left leg Pre 2.75 ± 0.6 Post 1.83 ± 0.6 AVG of right leg Pre 2.62 ± 0.4 Post 1.81 ± 0.2 |
There was significant in spasticity reduction in active session with FES (P < 0.001) and passive movement (P < 0.05) sessions. |
| Pendulum/ quadriceps muscle. | At baseline and post treatment | Relaxation index Active session with FES Post-Pre: 0.41 ± 0.18 Passive movement session Post-Pre:0.09 ± 0.14 Peak velocity Active session with FES Post-Pre:149 ± 0.70 Passive movement session Post-Pre:2 ± 61 |
– | The relaxation index and peak velocity increased on average after the active session with FES and passive movement session. but The increase after the passive movement session was smaller. | |
| Kuhn et al., 201430 | MAS / hip (abduction, adduction) knee joint (extension, flexion), and the foot (dorsal extension or plantar flexion). | At baseline and post treatment | Hip abduction Reduction of (70%) P = 0.002 Hip adduction Reduction of (98.1%) P = 0.016 Knee flexion Reduction of (66.8%) (P = 0.003) Knee extension Reduction of (76.6%) (P < 0.001) Dorsiflexion Reduction of (67.8%) (P = 0.001) |
– | There was significant reduction in spasticity of lower extremities |
| Mazzoleni et al., 201732 | MAS/ hip, knee and ankle flexors and extensors. | Baseline (Pre) After the FES-cycling training (Post1) After the overground robotic exoskeleton gait training (Post 2) |
Pre 7.14 ± 5.36 Post1 4.28 ± 3.68 Post2 3.57 ± 4.04 |
– | There was significant reduction in spasticity of lower extremities between T0-T1 and T0-T2. |
| NRS-spasticity/hip, knee and ankle flexors and extensors. | Baseline (Pre) After the FES-cycling training (Post1) After the overground robotic exoskeleton gait training (Post 2) |
Pre 3.71 ± 2.14 Post1 3.14 ± 2.54 Post2 2.42 ± 2.22 |
– | There was significant reduction in spasticity of lower extremities between T0-T2. | |
| Mazzoleni et al., 201331 | MAS/ hip, knee and ankle flexors and extensors. | Baseline (Pre) mid-treatment (Post1), that is after 10 sessions, at the end of the treatment (Post2), that is after 20 sessions | Pre 2.60 ± 0.89 Post1 2.40 ± 0.55 Post2 2.20 ± 0.84 |
– | There was no significant difference in spasticity of lower extremities after end of treatment |
| Ralston et al., 201336 | Ashworth Scale/ quadriceps, hamstrings, plantarflexor, and hip adductor muscles. | At baseline and post treatment | FES cycling+ usual rehabilitation Pre 5.6 ± 4.6 Post 2.8 ± 2.3 Usual rehabilitation+ FES cycling Pre 6.1 ± 5.7 Post 5.1 ± 4.6 |
– | There was no significant difference in spasticity of lower extremities after end of treatment |
| PRISM/quadriceps, hamstrings, plantarflexor, and hip adductor muscles. | At baseline and post treatment | FES cycling+ usual rehabilitation Pre 24 ± 11 Post 22 ± 9 Usual rehabilitation+ FES cycling Pre 23 ± 10 Post 26 ± 20 |
– | There was no significant difference in spasticity of lower extremities after end of treatment | |
| Reichenfelser et al., 201334 | MAS/ hip and knee joints. | At baseline and post treatment | average MAS of 1.5 that dropped to 1.2 after the FES training | – | The spasticity in both legs decreased after FES-cycling intervention |
| Reichenfelser et al., 201233 | MAS/hip and knee joints | At baseline and post treatment | Hip joints: Mean Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) value >1, averaged mean MAS = 2.0, SD 0.4 Knee joints: Mean MAS value < 1, averaged mean MAS = 0.2, SD 0.2 |
– | There was decreasee in spasticity of lower extremities after FES-cycling |
| Sadowsky et al., 201319 | Measured quantitatively | At baseline and post treatment | The lower level of spasticity observed in the FES group is unlikely due to higher doses of anti-spasticity medication as the mean dose of the anti-spasticity medication baclofen was significantly lower (P = 0.02) in the FES group (20.2 mg, SD = 29.6) than in the controls (56.0 mg, SD = 59.2) | – | There was significant reduction in spasticity in FES-cycling group more than control group |
| Szecsi and Schiller 200914 | MAS/quadriceps, hamstring | At baseline and post treatment | MFAC P = 0.001 LFRP P = 0.001 |
– | There was decrease in spasticity after MFAC and LTRP without significant differences |
| Yaşar et al., 201523 | MAS/ quadriceps, hamstring | Baseline (Pre0) 3 months after the baseline measurement. (Post1), 6 months after the baseline measurement (Post2) |
Rectus femoris: Pre 2.1 ± 0.3 Post1 0.6 ± 0.5 Post2 0.9 ± 0.7 Hamstring: Pre 1.7 ± 0.4 Post1 0.4 ± 0.5 Post2 0.7 ± 0.4 |
– | There was significant decrease in spasticity of both rectus femoris and hamstring muscles at 3 and 6 months compared with baseline |
Notes: AVG, average; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; MAS, Modified Ashworth Scale; PRISM, Patient-Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure; FES, functional electrical stimulation; MFAC, middle-frequency alternating current; LFRP, low frequency rectangular pulse; PRISMA, Patient-Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure.