Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
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Minority stress |
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| Source | Country |
N sexual minority (M/F) |
Ethnicitysexual minorities |
N heterosexual (M/F) |
Ethnicity heterosexuals |
Age group | Exclusion criteria | Sexual orientation assessment | Concept | Assessment | Findings |
| 1. Abé et al. (2014) | Sweden | 19/0 | 21/21 | Adult | History of psychiatric disorders, head trauma, head injury resulting in loss of consciousness for more than 10 minutes, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis-C, chronic pain conditions, vision or hearing problems, brain pathology | Kinsey Scale HeM: Range: 0–1 M = 0 (0.5) HoM: Range: 5–6 M = 5.5 (0.5) |
n.a. | ||||
| 2. Burke, Manzouri, & Savic (2017)a | Sweden | 29/30 | 40/40 | Adult | Cisgender group: gender dysphoria, neurological or psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders, family history of psychiatric disorders, ongoing medication, and (previous) use of anabolic steroid and/or hormone supplements | Kinsey Scale HeM: Range: 0–2 M = 0.3 (0.5) HeF: Range: 0–2 M = 0.4 (0.6) HoM Range: 5–6 M = 5.7 (0.5) HoF Range: 4–6 M = 5.5 (0.6) |
n.a. | ||||
| 3. Eckstrand et al. (2019) | USA | 1/7 | 50% White 25% Black/African American 25% Multiracial |
18/20 | 68% White; 24% Black/African American; 8% Multiracial |
Adolescent | Serious medical illness or history of psychiatric disorders/treatment | Attraction (equivalent to National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health); grouped into sexual minority or heterosexual | Victimization | Youth Risk Behaviour Survey (YRBS) 2009 (Eaton et al., 2010) | Experiencing victimization was positively associated with interpersonal depressive symptoms, but groups did not differ on rates of victimization |
| 4. Folkierska-Żukowska et al. (2020) | Poland | 46/0 23 classified as gender-conforming; 23 as gender non-conforming in childhood |
100% white | 22/22 | 100% white | Adult | Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (Polish Adaptation) Predominantly heterosexual and homosexual groups defined by combination of attraction/behaviour/identity |
n.a. | |||
| 5. Hu et al. (2013)1 | China | 26/0 | 26/0 | Adult | Sexual dysfunction, gender identity disorder, paraphilia, history of major medical illnesses or substance abuse, sexual offences | Kinsey Scale HeM: Range: 0–0 M = 0 HoM: Range: 3–6 M = 4.73 |
n.a. | ||||
| 6. Hu et al. (2014)1 | China | 26/0 | 26/0 | Adult | Sexual dysfunction, gender identity disorder, paraphilia, history of major medical illnesses or substance abuse, sexual offences | Kinsey Scale HeM: Range: 0–0 M = 0 HoM: Range: 3–6 M = 4.73 |
n.a. | ||||
| 7. Kinnunen et al. (2004) | USA | 8/0 | 7/0 | Adult | Physical illness, or psychiatric history | Kinsey Scale + fantasy/attraction/behaviour questionnaire; only exclusively hetero/homosexual (identity, behaviour, attraction) included. Kinsey Scores: HeM: Range: 0–0 M = 0 HoM: Range: 6–6 M = 6 |
n.a. | ||||
| 8. Manzouri & Savic (2018a)2 | Sweden | 30/30 | 40/40 | Adult | History of psychosis, personality disorder, sexual dysfunction, gender dysphoria, hypogonadism, HIV infection, paraphilia, or sexual offences, major or bipolar depression, alcohol or substance abuse, chronic occupational psychosocial stress, major life traumas, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, or systemic disease, head trauma, neurological disease | Kinsey Scale + fantasy/attraction/behaviour interview HeM: Range: 0–1 M = 0.3 (0.5) HeF: Range: 0–1 M = 0.4 (0.5) HoM: Range: 5–6 M = 5.6 (0.5) HoF: Range: 5–6 M = 5.5 (0.5) |
n.a. | ||||
| 9. Manzouri & Savic (2018b)2 | Sweden | 30/0 | 35/38 | Adult | Medical illness, HIV positive, psychosis, personality disorder, sexual dysfunction, gender dysphoria, hypogonadism, paraphilia, sexual offences, major or bipolar depression, alcohol/ substance abuse, chronic occupational psychosocial stress, major life traumas, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, systemic disease, daily medication | Kinsey Scale + fantasy/attraction/behaviour interview Kinsey Scores: HeM/HeF: Range: 0–1 HoM: Range: 5–6 |
n.a. | ||||
| 10. Ponseti et al. (2007) | Germany | 16/15 | 24/25 | Adult | Mentally distressed, history of substance abuse, sexual dysfunction, gender identity disorder, paraphilia, sexual offences | Kinsey Scale HeF/HeM: Range: 0–1 HoF/HoM: Range: 5–6 |
n.a. | ||||
| 11. Savic & Lindström (2008) | Sweden | MRI: 20/20 PET (subsample): 12/12 |
MRI: 25/25 PET (subsample): 13/13 |
Adult | Significant medical illness, HIV positive | Kinsey Scale + fantasy/attraction/behaviour interview Kinsey Scores: HeM/HeF: Range 0–0, M = 0 HoM: Range 6–6 M = 6 HoF Range n.r. M = 5.5 |
n.a. | ||||
| 12. Wang et al. (2020) | China | 53/0 | 47/0 | Adult | History of psychiatric or neurological disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, head trauma, and epilepsy, long-term medications or psychoactive substance abuse (including alcohol use and smoking), history of sexual dysfunction, gender identity disorder, or paraphilia which were excluded by the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale (UGS) and the Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI). | Kinsey Scale: HeM: Range: 0–0 M = 0 HoM Range: 4–6 M = 5.47 |
n.a. | ||||
| 13.Witelson et al. (2008) | Canada | 12/0 | 100% Caucasian | 10/0 | 100% Caucasian | Adult | History of any neurological or psychiatric disorder; HIV+ | Kinsey Scale HeM: Range: 0–1 HoM: Range: 5–6 |
n.a. | ||
HeM = Heterosexual males; HeF = heterosexual females; HoM = homosexual males; HoF = homosexual females. aResults for cis-gendered participants coded. Studies with matching superscripts constitute partially dependent samples.