Table 2.

Articles That Met Inclusion Criteria Under the Environmental Level of Analysis

Author(s)	Year	Study Location	Study Type	Study Population	Health Factor(s)	Outcome Measure(s)
Geographical and Political Factors
No articles met inclusion criteria
Socioeconomic Factors
Gansky et al	2007	Berkeley, California, Cincinnati, Ohio	Cross-sectional	n = 1,334 young (21–26 years old) women (684 African American and 650 Caucasian individuals)	Income/wealth	Distribution of widespread pain, tender points and fibromyalgia
Thompson et al	2019	Birmingham, Alabama Gainesville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 191 adults with knee osteoarthritis	Income/wealth	Poverty status, knee pain
Health Care
Albert et al	2008	United States	Cross-sectional	n = 551 Medicare beneficiaries with osteoarthritis	Health care access	Self-management behaviors
Burgess et al	2008	United States	Factorial design	n = 382 primary care physicians randomly selected from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile	Health care quality	Physician’s decision to switch patient to a higher dose or stronger type of opioid in chronic pain patients
Burgess et al	2014	United States	Retrospective	n = 99,903 veterans with diagnoses of chronic low back, neck, or joint pain selected to participate in the Veterans Affairs Survey of the Healthcare Experiences of Patients in fiscal year 2006	Health care quality	Prescription of opioids in the year following the first pain diagnosis
Burgess et al	2016	United States	Retrospective	n = 3,505 Black and n = 46,203 non-Hispanic White patients with diagnoses of chronic musculoskeletal pain who responded to the 2007 Veterans Affairs Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients	Health care quality	Pain treatments, pain outcomes
Carey et al	2010	North Carolina	Cross-sectional	n = 837 respondents (620 White, 183 African American, 34 Latino) with chronic back or neck pain	Health care access	Pain 1–10 scale, Roland-Morris back-specific disability scale, health care utilization, opioid use
Dominick et al	2004	Durham, North Carolina	Retrospective	n = 3,061 patients with osteoarthritis treated at a federal Veterans Affairs Medical Center between October 1998 and September 1999	Health care quality	Opioid variables
Dominick et al	2004	United States	Retrospective cohort	n = 6,038 veterans with osteoarthritis	Health care quality	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory prescribed, amount and time to discontinuation of index non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
Evans et al	2018	United States	Retrospective	n = 79,537 women and n = 389,269 men veterans age 18−54 with chronic musculoskeletal pain who received Veteran Affairs-provided care between 2010 and 2013	Health care quality	Predictors of complementary and integrative health therapies as non-pharmacological approaches for chronic pain
Hausmann et al	2013	United States	Retrospective Cohort	nnd 253 African American patients) patients who filled opioid prescriptions for non-cancer pain (predominately musculoskeletal) for 90 consecutive days at the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System pharmacy in fiscal years 2007 and 2008	Health care quality; Health care access	Opioid monitoring and treatment practices
Hausmann et al	2017	United States	Retrospective cohort	n = 473,170 White, n = 50,172 African American and n = 16,499 Hispanic veterans age 50 years or older with an osteoarthritis diagnosis from 2001 to 2011	Health care quality	Total knee arthroplasty
Heins et al	2006	Mobile, Alabama	Retrospective	n = 868 Emergency Department patients 18 years and older who presented with musculoskeletal pain and were treated by core Emergency Department faculty	Health care access	Prescription of Emergency Department opioids and discharge analgesics
Ibrahim et al	2002	United States	Cross-sectional	n = 596 elderly, male, African American or White patients with moderate-to-severe symptomatic knee or hip osteoarthritis who were receiving primary care at the Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinics	Health care access	Willingness to undergo a total knee arthroplasty
Katz et al	2011	Boston, Massachusetts	Qualitative study	n = 39 Hispanic and non-Hispanic White patients with chronic back or knee pain	Health care quality	Decision management of their conditions and roles they preferred in medical decision-making
Parker et al	2011	New York City, New York	Prospective cohort	n = 112 (37 African American, 38 Hispanic, and 37 non-Hispanic White adults) 60-years-old and older with non-cancer pain	Health care quality	Impact of the Arthritis Foundation Self-Help Program
Tait et al	2006	Missouri	Cross-sectional	n =580 African American and n = 892 White workers’ compensation claimants with occupational low back pain	Health care access; Health care insurance	Disability ratings, diagnosis, surgery, medical costs
Taylor et al	2005	United States	Retrospective	n = 5,690 patients with degenerative lumbosacral pathologies	Health care access	Lumbosacral pathologies