Table 4.

Articles that Met Inclusion Criteria Under the Behavioral Level of Analysis

Author(s)	Year	Study Location	Study Type	Study Population	Health Factor(s)	Outcome Measure(s)
Coping Factors
Allen et al	2006	Durham, North Carolina	Daily diary analysis	n = 36 patients with osteoarthritis (13 non-White, 23 White patients)	Emotional regulation	30-day diaries of pain and coping
Allen et al	2010	North Carolina	Interventional	n = 491 African Americans and Caucasian individuals enrolled in telephone-based osteoarthritis self-management	Emotional regulation	Arthritis self-efficacy, affect, and use of emotion-focused coping
Allen et al	2019	North Carolina	Randomized Control	n = 284 African American individuals with osteoarthritis pain	Cognitive Reframing	Pain, disability, general health, coping, pain catastrophizing, depressive symptoms after pain coping skills training program
Booker et al	2019	Gainesville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 162 non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White older adults with knee pain	Active Coping	Identify ethnic/race group differences on movement evoked pain, physical performance and perceived stress
Edwards, RR	2005	United States	Cross-sectional	n = 1,800 individuals with chronic musculoskeletal (14.9% African American, 79.2% White, 5.9% Hispanic)	Coping	Pain, emotional distress, pain-related disability, and pain coping
Hausmann et al	2018	Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Randomized controlled	n = 360 non-Hispanic White, n = 180 non-Hispanic African American patients aged >50, diagnosis of osteoarthritis	Cognitive Reframing	Self-reported pain and functional difficulty in response to positive psychological intervention compared to neutral control intervention.
Lumley et al	2005	Michigan	Cross-sectional	n =155 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, n =160 migraine headaches, n = 123 systemic lupus	Emotional regulation	Toronto Alexithymia Scale, pain severity, functional disability, symptoms
Mcilvane, JM	2007	Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 175 individuals (77 African American, 98 White individuals) with arthritis	Active Coping	Arthritis related symptoms, coping and well-being
Psychological Risk/Resilience
Bartley et al	2019	Gainesville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 201 individuals with knee osteoarthritis (105 African American, 96 White)	Optimism	Resilience, clinical pain and functioning performance
Edwards, RR	2008	United States	Cross-sectional	N > 3,000 from the National Survey of Midlife Development	Discrimination	Perceived discriminatory events and back pain frequency
Goodin et al	2013	Birmingham, Alabama, Gainesville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 130 older adults with knee osteoarthritis; (67 African American, 63 White adults)	Discrimination	Racial discrimination, response to noxious thermal stimuli
Groeneveld et al	2008	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Cross-sectional	n = 909 male patients with osteoarthritis; (450 African American, 459 White patients)	Social support	Patients expectations of joint replacement
Herbert et al	2017	Birmingham, Alabama, Gainesville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 91 individuals with knee osteoarthritis; (56 African American, 35 White individuals)	Discrimination	Cortisol, pain responses during cold pressor task, racial discrimination
Mcilvane, JM	2007	Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 175 individuals with arthritis (77 African American, 98 White individuals)	Social Support	Arthritis related symptoms, coping and well-being
Mcilvane et al	2008	Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 175 African American and White women aged 45–90	Discrimination	Arthritis-related stress, discrimination, chronic life and financial stress, and well-being
Tan et al	2005	Texas	Cross-sectional	n = 482 individuals with chronic pain at multiple body sites (128 African American, White individuals)	Control	Pain appraisal, beliefs about pain, ways of coping with pain
Health Behaviors
Bessiner et al	2012	New York City, NY	Interventional	n = 69 seniors with chronic back pain (24 African American, 25 Hispanic, and 20 non-Hispanic White individuals)	Physical Activity	Impact of self-management program combines cognitive-behavioral strategies and exercise
Dodani et al	2016	St. Louis, Missouri, Gainesville, Florida, and Jacksonville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 6,145 African and Caucasian reporting cocaine use	Alcohol/Drug	Differences in clinical characterizes and musculoskeletal conditions by cocaine use
Eberly et al	2018	New Mexico	Retrospective	n = 355 new patients with knee osteoarthritis	Alcohol/Drug Smoking	Knee pain scores, psychosocial, sociodemographic, disease and treatment
Foley et al	2015	North Carolina	Cohort study	n = 1,422 individuals with hip osteoarthritis	Smoking	Pain, stiffness, radiographic features
Glover et al	2012	Gainesville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 94 individuals with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, 45–71 y old	Nutrition	Vitamin D levels, osteoarthritis pain
Goeppinger et al.	2007	North Carolina	Randomized Controlled	n = 416 older adults with arthritis (365 African American adults)	Physical Activity	Health care use, health related quality of life health behaviors and arthritis self-efficacy between Arthritis-Self-Help Course and Chronic Disease Self-Management Program
Golightly et al	2005	North Carolina	Cross-sectional	n = 202 African American and Caucasian veterans with osteoarthritis	Physical Activity	Osteoarthritis symptom severity
Jones et al	2018	Chicago, Illinois	Interventional	n = 62, 40–75 years old adults with non-traumatic knee pain and BMI > 30 (32 African American, 30 Hispanic/Latino adults), 40–75 years old with nontraumatic knee pain and BMI > 30	Physical Activity	Efficacy of a community-base, culturally sensitive program to stimulate behavioral changes in activity level
Parker et al	2011	New York City, New York	Prospective cohort	n = 112 (37 African American, 38 Hispanic, and 37 non-Hispanic White adults) 60-years-old and older with noncancer pain	Physical Activity	Impact of the Arthritis Foundation Self-Help Program
Peng et al.	2018	United States	Cross sectional	n = 32,060 adult respondents to 2015 National Health Interview Survey	Physical Activity	Association between obesity and low back pain
Plotnikoff et al	2003	Minnesota	Cross sectional	n = 150 African American, East African, Hispanic & American Indian patients w/musculoskeletal pain, aged 10 to 65 y old	Nutrition	Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in outpatients with musculoskeletal pain
Rundell et al	2017	California, Detroit, Boston	Cohort Study	n = 5,239 older adults greater than equal to 65, presenting to primary care for back pain 2011–2013	Smoking	Disability and pain intensity
Shmagel et al	2018	United States	Cohort Study	n = 2,548 patients with radiographic knee osteoarthritis recruited between 2006 and 2010	Nutrition	Magnesium intake and the association with knee pain and function
Sibille et al	2018	Birmingham, Alabama, Gainesville, Florida	Cross-sectional	n = 167 individuals positive for knee osteoarthritis aged 45–85 y	Nutrition	Clinical and experimental pain, physical and psychosocial functioning, plasma omega 6- omega 3 ratio
Song et al	2013	Illinois	Cross-sectional	n = 1,142 individuals with radiographic knee osteoarthritis and n = 747 at risk of radiographic knee osteoarthritis	Physical Activity	Aerobic component (≥ 150 moderate-to-vigorous (MV) min/wk in bouts ≥ 10 minutes) of the States Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines
Turner et al	2017	United States	Cross-sectional	n = 516 Hispanic individuals completed survey; n = 102 Hispanic chronic non-cancer pain	Physical Activity	Exercising and using prescription medications for pain control
Wolfe and Michaud	2007	United States	Longitudinal observational	n = 12,090 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from the National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases	Smoking	Comparing visual analog pain scale and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey pain measures
Wyatt et al	2014	North Carolina	Interventional	n = 117 African American individuals with self-reported arthritis participating in self-directed (n = 68) or group (n = 49) 6-wk WWE program	Physical Activity	Effectiveness of Arthritis foundation’s Walk with Ease Program