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. 2022 Feb 16;13:821199. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.821199

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Copyright © 2022 Oneda, Cao, Haraguchi, Sasaki and Shibata.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Acrophase of PER2:LUC expression rhythm in each organ in response to 6 h of advance light conditions. (A) Protocols of three trials with different light conditions and wheel-running timings. (B–D) Comparison of the peak time of PER2:LUC expression (acrophase) in each trial. The solid line shows the acrophase under normal LD conditions with no wheel-running, and the wavy line shows the value advanced from that point by 6 h, or the acrophase that should be aimed for. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 6 for each group for all trials). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 (t-test); ##p < 0.01 (Mann-Whitney test).