Table 5. Characteristics of the selected studies in implantology.

S. no	Author, Year, Country	VR system	Participants	Study design	Assessment tool	Tested outcome	Results
Abbreviations: CST, cross sectional trial; DS, dental students; RCT, randomized controlled trial; VR, virtual reality.
1	Qi et al 2013 China 72	Active and passive controlling 3D virtual webpages	(95) 1st and 2nd year DS	RCT	Post-training assessment of knowledge on dental implant restoration	Relative quality of information acquisition	Passive 3D control had significant high scores, a significant correlation existed between the scores on a mental rotations test and the subjects’ performance on the post-test
2	Joseph et al 2014, France 68	Virteasy, haptic dental simulator (implant surgery)	(40) 3rd year DS, (20) Experienced practitioners	RCT	Implant drilling in the 1st molar region in a custom-made mandibular resin model	Accuracy of implant placement and drilling times	The results of the simulator group were significantly close to the experienced operators
3	Golob Deeb et al 2019, United States 69	Dynamic guidance system software for virtual implant placement	(14) Predoctoral students	CST	Five implant placements (3 maxillary or 4 mandibular) positions	Surgical time horizontal, vertical, and angulation discrepancies	Significant reduction in time from 1st to 2nd trial, then plateaued. 3D angulation and 2D vertical apex deviation improved with each attempt, but changes in lateral 2D and overall 3D apex deviations were not significant
4	Zhang et al 2020, China 70	VR simulation platform	(166) 2 nd and 3 rd year DS	RCT	Pre- and post-theoretical test, subjective evaluation of operation procedures, implant accuracy in CBCT, and questionnaire	Procedural accuracy vs. jaw-bone simulation Degree of satisfaction	VR combined with jawbone groups had significantly higher increase in scores and showed better implant precision in CBCT than the other groups. Students preferred the combined of jawbone and VR reality simulation
5	Zorzal et al 2021, Brazil 71	IMMPLANT VR simulator uses smartphone and laptops	(16) dental postgraduates	CST	Place a virtual implant at a specific bone-loss area location within a subject-specific 3D model of a lower jaw	Participants feedback regarding benefits and limitations	VR system is easy to use and promotes greater spatial awareness of the 3D dental model and easy to learn but they reported difficulty selecting the predetermined implant position and inclination