Table 2.
Total suicide related OHCA Pre COVID versus COVID time – patient demographics, mechanism of suicide, incident characteristics, patient outcomes (survival rate and CPC score).
|
Total Suicide related OHCA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Pandemic Period (n = 274) |
Missing (%) | Pandemic Period (n = 221) |
Missing (%) | Risk Difference (95% CI) | |
| Mean Age (SD), y | 46 (20) | 10 (3.6) | 43 (18) | 6 (2.7) | −2.7 (−6.1, 0.63) |
| Female (%) | 87 (32) | 70 (32) | −0.43 (−8.7, 7.8) | ||
| Time | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Morning (%) | 78 (28) | 72 (32) | 3.7 (−4.5, 12) | ||
| Afternoon (%) | 107 (39) | 74 (33) | −5.6 (−14, 2.9) | ||
| Evening (%) | 70 (26) | 62 (28) | 2.5 (−5.4, 10) | ||
| Night (%) | 19 (6.9) | 14 (6.3) | −0.60 (−5.0, 3.8) | ||
| Mechanism | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Hanging (%) | 222 (81) | 177 (80) | −0.93 (−8.0, 6.1) | ||
| Poisoning (%) | 26 (9.5) | 27 (12) | 2.7 (−2.8, 8.3) | ||
| Suffocation & Drowning (%) | 22 (8.0) | 13 (5.9) | −2.1 (−6.6, 2.3) | ||
| Unclear (%) | 4 (1.5) | 4 (1.8) | 0.35 (−1.9, 2.6) | ||
| Untreated by EMS | 168 (61) | − | 103 (47) | − | −15 (–23, −6.0) |
| Reasons for non-treatment | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| DNR | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) | −1.8 (−3.8, 0.22) | ||
| Terminal illness | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | ||
| Verbal directive | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | ||
| Obvious death | 161 (96) | 102 (99) | 3.2 (−0.37, 6.8) | ||
| Prolonged down time | 3 (1.8) | 1 (0.97) | −0.81(−3.6, 1.9) | ||
| Unspecified | 1 (0.60) | 0 (0) | −0.60 (−1.8, 0.57) | ||
| Treated by EMS | 106 (39) | – | 118 (53) | – | 15 (6.0, 23) |
| Mean EMS response time (SD) | 10 (9.8) | 0 (0) | 9.8 (6.4) | 0 (0) | −0.51 (−2.7, 1.6) |
| First on Scene | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Fire (%) | 42 (40) | 62 (53) | 13 (−0.037, 26) | ||
| BLS (%) | 51 (48) | 52 (44) | −4.0 (−17, 9.0) | ||
| ALS (%) | 13 (12) | 4 (3.4) | −8.9 (−16, −1.8) | ||
| Witnessed Status | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Bystander Witnessed | 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.85) | −2.0 (−5.5, 1.6) | ||
| Unwitnessed | 103 (97) | 117 (99) | 2.0 (−1.6, 5.5) | ||
| EMS/Fire witnessed | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | ||
| 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.85) | ||||
| Bystander CPR | 69 (67) | 82 (70) | 3.1 (−9.2, 15) | ||
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| ROSC | 17 (16) | 30 (25) | 9.4 (−1.1, 20) | ||
| Initial Cardiac Rhythm | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| Non shockable | 100 (97) | 115 (97) | 0.37 (−3.9, 4.7) | ||
| Shockable | 1 (0.97) | 1 (0.85) | −0.12 (−2.6, 2.4) | ||
| No AED | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.7) | −0.25 (−3.8, 3.3) | ||
| Final status with EMS | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Pronounced dead/TOR at scene | 83 (78) | 86 (72) | −5.4 (−17, 5.8) | ||
| Transported to hospital | 23 (22) | 32 (27) | 5.4 (−5.8, 17) | ||
| Survival at hospital discharge | 6 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | −4.0 (−8.9, 1.0) |
| CPC score 1–2 at hospital discharge | 5 (4.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | −3.0 (−7.7, 1.6) |
OHCA, out of hospital cardiac arrest; EMS, Emergency medical service; Pre-Pandemic, time period before COVID-19 in British Columbia (March 15, 2019 to March 14, 2020); Pandemic, time period during COVID-19 in British Columbia (March 15, 2020 to March 15 2021); CI, confidence interval; Poisoning, chemical or drug ingestion/inhalation/injection; Suffocation, asphyxiation/drowning; SD, standard deviation; y, years; Morning, 6:00:00AM-11:59:59 AM; Afternoon, 12:00:00 PM-17:59:59; Evening, 18:00:00–23:59:59; Night, 12:00:00AM-5:59:59AM; EMS response time, interval of time from the 9–1-1 call received by dispatch to EMS scene arrival; Fire, fire department; BLS, Basic life support paramedic; ALS, Advanced life support paramedic; DNR, do-not-resuscitate order; Verbal directive, Family requested no resuscitation verbally; CPC, cerebral performance category; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; Non-shockable rhythms, pulseless electrical activity (PEA), asystole; Shockable rhythms, ventricular fibrillation (VF), ventricular tachycardia (VT); TOR, termination of resuscitation; AED, automated external defibrillator; min, minutes.