Table 3.
Suicide-related OHCA Characteristics, EMS Treatment, and Outcomes, Stratified by Mechanism and Pre-Pandemic versus Pandemic Time Period.
|
Mechanism of suicide related OHCA | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hanging (n = 399) |
Suffocation & Drowning (n = 35) |
Poisoning (n = 53) |
Unclear (n = 8) |
|||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic Period (n = 222) |
Pandemic Period (n = 177) |
Risk Difference (95% CI) | Pre-Pandemic Period (n = 22) |
Pandemic Period (n = 13) |
Risk Difference (95% CI) | Pre-Pandemic Period (n = 26) |
Pandemic Period (n = 27) |
Risk Difference (95% CI) | Pre-Pandemic Period (n = 4) |
Pandemic Period (n = 4) |
Risk Difference (95% CI) | |
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Mean age (SD), y | 44 (19) | 42 (18) | −1.8 (−5.5, 1.8) | 59 (23) | 44 (19) | −15 (−31, 0.32) | 51 (22) | 51 (15) | 0.48 (−10, 11) | 58 (7.1) | 35 (15) | –23 (−43, 2.7) |
| Male (%) | 156 (71) | 122 (69) | −2.0 (−11, 7.1) | 14 (64) | 10 (77) | 13 (−17, 44) | 10 (40) | 17 (63) | 23 (−3.5, 49) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | −50 (−99, −1.0) |
| Female (%) | 64 (29) | 55 (31) | 2.0 (−7.1, 11) | 8 (36) | 3 (23) | −13 (−44, 17) | 15 (60) | 10 (37) | –23 (−49, 3.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (50) | 50 (1.0, 99) |
| Time | ||||||||||||
| Morning (%) | 62 (28) | 61 (34) | 6.5 (−2.6, 16) | 7 (32) | 2 (15) | −16 (−44, 11) | 8 (31) | 7 (26) | −4.8 (−29, 19) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0 (−60, 60) |
| Afternoon (%) | 85 (38) | 58 (33) | −5.5 (−15, 3.9) | 10 (45) | 5 (38) | −7.0 (−41, 27) | 11 (42) | 9 (33) | −9.0 (−35, 17) | 1 (25) | 2 (50) | 25 (−40, 90) |
| Evening (%) | 59 (27) | 48 (27) | 0.54 (−8.2, 9.3) | 3 (14) | 6 (46) | 33 (1.9, 63) | 7 (27) | 7 (26) | −1.0 (−25, 23) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0 (−60, 60) |
| Night (%) | 16 (7.2) | 10 (5.6) | −1.6 (−6.4, 3.3) | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0) | −9.1 (−21, 2.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (15) | 15 (1.4, 28) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0 (−60, 60) |
| Untreated by EMS | 134 (60) | 76 (43) | −17 (−27, −7.7) | 13 (59) | 5 (38) | −21 (−54, 13) | 17 (65) | 18 (67) | 1.3 (−24, 27) | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | − |
| Reason for no treatment | ||||||||||||
| DNR | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0) | −7.7 (–22, 6.8) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | −5.9 (−17, 5.3) | 1 (25) | 0 (0) | −25 (−67, 17) |
| Terminal illness | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Verbal directive | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Obvious death | 131 (98) | 75 (99) | 0.92 (−2.7, 4.5) | 12 (92) | 5 (100) | 7.7 (−6.8, 22) | 16 (94) | 18 (100) | 5.9 (−5.3, 17) | 2 (50) | 4 (100) | 50 (1.0, 99) |
| Prolonged down time | 3 (2.2) | 1 (1.3) | −0.92 (−4.5, 2.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Unspecified | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 1 (25) | 0 (0) | −25 (−67, 17) |
| Treated by EMS | 88 (40) | 101 (57) | 17 (7.7, 27) | 9 (41) | 8 (62) | 21 (−13, 54) | 9 (35) | 9 (33) | −1.3 (−27, 24) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Hospital Discharge Survival | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.0) | −1.3 (−4.9, 2.4) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | −11 (–32, 9.4) | 3 (33) | 1 (11) | –22 (−59, 15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| CPC score 1–2 | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.0) | −0.15 (−3.1, 2.8) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | −11 (–32, 9.4) | 3 (33) | 1 (11) | –22 (−59, 15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
OHCA, out of hospital cardiac arrest; EMS, Emergency medical service; Pre-Pandemic Period, time period before COVID-19 in British Columbia (March 15, 2019 to March 14, 2020); Pandemic Period, time period during COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia (March 15, 2020 to March 15 2021); Mis, missing; Poisoning, chemical or drug ingestion/inhalation/injection; SD, standard deviation; y, years; Morning, 6:00:00AM-11:59:59 AM; Afternoon, 12:00:00 PM-17:59:59; Evening, 18:00:00–23:59:59; Night, 12:00:00AM-5:59:59AM; DNR, do-not-resuscitate order; Verbal directive, Family requested no resuscitation verbally; CPC, cerebral performance category; min, minutes.