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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 30.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Chem Biol. 2021 Dec 30;18(3):305–312. doi: 10.1038/s41589-021-00948-7

Figure 4. Phylogenetic analysis indicates convergent evolution of ceramide synthesis.

Figure 4.

Unrooted trees built using the maximum likelihood method show the distance between eukaryotic and bacterial ceramide synthesis genes as well as their closest homologues. Bootstrap percentage values are indicated by shaded circles at each node. (a) Bacterial CerR is most closely related to eukaryotic and bacterial proteins of the NDUF9A family, a subunit of mitochondrial Complex I. By contrast, Eukaryotic KDSR is homologous to bacterial short-chain dehydrogenases, unrelated to CerR. (b) Bacterial bCerS is part of a larger family of GNAT acyltransferases, which are, in turn closely related to eukaryotic Gcn5 proteins. By contrast, eukaryotic CerS proteins are distant from the Gcn5-related proteins.