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. 2022 Mar 2;12:3427. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07408-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fabrication of the laminated paper-based analytical device (LPAD). (a) The designed paper channels were sandwiched between the cover and bottom laminate films, aligned, and assembled. The assembly was passed through a heated laminator. The illustration was drawn with “Rhinoceros ver. 6” 3D-CAD software²⁸. (b) An illustration of the fabricated device. (c) Dimensions of the microfluidic paths of the LPAD. Several path lengths and widths between the enzymatic reaction area and detection area were fabricated. The optimized length was 15 mm and width was 3.0 mm.