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. 2021 Nov 26;19(3):421–431. doi: 10.1038/s41423-021-00804-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — PDGFRa+ mesenchymal stromal cells are the primary sources of IL-33 in adipose tissue. The cytokines TNF and IL-17A produced by γδT cells activate IL-33 production in MSCs. Treg cells and ILC2s rely on MSC-derived IL-33 for differentiation, maintenance, survival and activation. MSCs also express CD73, which catalyzes the production of adenosine, which coordinates with Treg cells to promote immune suppression in adipose tissue. Male sex hormones facilitate the differentiation of IL-33+CD73+MSCs, and obesity impairs this population