Table 1.
Characteristics of COVID-19 patients according to AKI occurrence throughout the entire hospitalization. Data presented as mean (S.D.) or as percentage. In the column reporting data of all patients, data availability is also shown. MVA1: Model adjusted by age, sex, and clinical center.
| All patients N = 939 |
No AKI N = 799 (85%) |
AKI N = 140 (15%) |
P (MVA1) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Available | Value | Value | Value | ||
| Age, years | 100% | 62.0 ± 15.5 | 60.3 ± 15.3 | 71.6 ± 13.2 | < 0.001 |
| Sex male, % | 100% | 497 (52.9%) | 402 (50.3%) | 95 (67.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Concomitant risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes (Known + New) | 100% | 292 (31.1%) | 235 (29.4%) | 57 (40.7%) | 0.014 |
| Known Diabetes | 100% | 264 (28.1%) | 216 (27.0%) | 48 (34.3%) | 0.047 |
| Newly diagnosed Diabetes | 100% | 28 (3.0%) | 19 (2.4%) | 9 (6.4%) | 0.188 |
| Hypertension | 100% | 511 (54.5%) | 405 (50.8%) | 106 (75.7%) | 0.002 |
| Current smoking | 60% | 73 (12.9%) | 50 (10.2%) | 23 (29.9%) | 0.252 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 98% | 223 (24.1%) | 183 (23.1%) | 40 (30.3%) | 0.784 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 99% | 77 (8.3%) | 56 (7.1%) | 21 (15.7%) | 0.990 |
| CKD | 100% | 194 (20.7%) | 136 (17.0%) | 58 (41.4%) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 98% | 63 (6.8%) | 46 (5.8%) | 17 (12.8%) | 0.421 |
| Cancer | 98% | 90 (9.8%) | 66 (8.4%) | 24 (18.2%) | 0.775 |
| Symptoms at admission | |||||
| Time from symptoms to hospitalization, days | 95% | 7.6 ± 4.6 | 7.7 ± 4.5 | 6.7 ± 5.5 | 0.326 |
| Body temperature (°C) | 75% | 38.0 ± 0.9 | 38.0 ± 0.9 | 38.2 ± 0.9 | 0.420 |
| Cough, % | 95% | 598 (67.1%) | 528 (68.7%) | 70 (57.4%) | 0.174 |
| Dyspnea, % | 96% | 537 (59.6%) | 441 (57.1%) | 96 (75.0%) | 0.003 |
| Pneumonia / ILD, % | 97% | 855 (94.3%) | 734 (94.1%) | 121 (95.3%) | 0.586 |
| GI symptoms, % | 94% | 237 (26.8%) | 204 (26.8%) | 33 (27.0%) | 0.573 |
| Medication before hospitalization | |||||
| ACE inhibitors, % | 100% | 160 (17.1%) | 124 (15.6%) | 36 (25.7%) | 0.163 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers, % | 100% | 171 (18.2%) | 135 (16.9%) | 36 (25.7%) | 0.070 |
| Calcium channel blockers, % | 100% | 158 (16.9%) | 125 (15.7%) | 33 (23.6%) | 0.051 |
| Beta blockers, % | 100% | 217 (23.1%) | 169 (21.2%) | 48 (34.3%) | 0.053 |
| Anti-platelet agents, % | 100% | 122 (13.0%) | 90 (11.3%) | 32 (22.9%) | 0.578 |
| Statins, % | 100% | 108 (11.5%) | 81 (10.1%) | 27 (19.4%) | 0.542 |
| Oral Anticoagulants, % | 100% | 66 (7.0%) | 46 (5.8%) | 20 (14.3%) | 0.876 |
| Antibiotics, % | 100% | 484 (51.6%) | 431 (54.0%) | 53 (37.9%) | 0.487 |
| NSAID, % | 100% | 102 (10.9%) | 88 (11.0%) | 14 (10.0%) | 0.069 |
| Parameters at admission | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 99% | 129.5 ± 18.7 | 129.1 ± 17.7 | 132.2 ± 23.5 | 0.911 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 99% | 79.4 ± 11.8 | 79.7 ± 11.6 | 77.8 ± 12.9 | 0.755 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 99% | 87.2 ± 14.9 | 86.8 ± 14.3 | 89.6 ± 18.1 | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate /min | 88% | 21.5 ± 6.7 | 21.1 ± 6.6 | 24.0 ± 6.9 | < 0.001 |
| Oxygen Saturation, % | 99% | 93.9 ± 5.3 | 94.3 ± 4.9 | 91.5 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l | 88% | 7.3 ± 3.4 | 7.1 ± 3.2 | 8.3 ± 4.4 | 0.036 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 23% | 58.0 ± 23.9 | 61.2 ± 25.6 | 48.5 ± 14.2 | 0.111 |
| Serum creatinine, umol/l | 100% | 96.7 ± 57.3 | 89.0 ± 28.3 | 140.4 ± 123.4 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/.173 m2 | 100% | 72.0 ± 23.3 | 75.3 ± 21.5 | 53.6 ± 24.5 | < 0.001 |
| White blood cells, cel/µl | 87% | 6.7 ± 7.0 | 6.5 ± 7.3 | 7.8 ± 4.6 | 0.273 |
| Hematocrit % | 98% | 40.8 ± 4.9 | 40.8 ± 4.6 | 41.0 ± 6.0 | 0.783 |
| Platelets, el/ul | 100% | 209.8 ± 84.2 | 210.9 ± 84.9 | 203.3 ± 80.5 | 0.812 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 93% | 67.7 ± 75.2 | 58.7 ± 68.3 | 120.9 ± 90.6 | < 0.001 |
| D-dimer, ug/l | 71% | 577.4 ± 2182.3 | 518.1 ± 2242.3 | 848.7 ± 1867.5 | 0.878 |
| Outcomes, n (%) | |||||
| ICU and/or Death | 100% | 151 (16.1%) | 66 (8.3%) | 85 (60.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Death | 100% | 89 (9.5%) | 34 (4.3%) | 55 (39.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Discharged alive at 30 days | 100% | 786 (83.7%) | 721 (90.2%) | 65 (46.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Mean days of hospitalization* | 91% | 13.9 ± 6.3 | 13.5 ± 5.9 | 17.2 ± 8.0 | 0.005 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ICU: admission to Intesive Care Units; Pneumonia / ILD: radiological confirmed pneumonia or interstitial lung disease. G.I., gastrointestinal. ACE,angiotensin-converting enzyme. NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. PaO2, partial oxygen pressure. * Among survivors and truncated at 30-days.