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. 2022 Mar 2;12:3468. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06828-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Diffuse Reflectivity of the CeO₂ annealed at various temperatures within the range of 100–700 °C, (b) band structure and the potential O 2p2 − to Ce 4f. 4 + transitions, (c) ROS production of the 700 °C annealed CeO₂ (yellow circles) and standard nanoTiO₂ (black closed circles), and inset (b) schematic representation of the e–h creation/recombination in TiO₂ and CeO₂.