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. 2022 Feb 17;9:792885. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.792885

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Schematic representation of inflammation and mode of action of therapeutic peptides during MIRI. FPR, TLR4, or IL1 receptors activate the MAPK pathway through IRAK1 and TRAF6. Afterward, the MAPK pathway activates the expression of NLRP3 which formed the inflammasome together with pro Caspase-1 and ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a Caspase recruitment domain) contributing to the strong but short inflammatory burst. Secretion of mature forms of IL-18 and IL-1β activate neutrophil recruitment, platelet aggregation, and endothelium activation. Therapeutic peptides reducing inflammation during MIRI were highlighted in green: (1) AnxA1, (2) CGEN-855A, (3) Ghrelin, and (4) Obestatin. FPR, Formyl peptide receptor; TLR4, Toll-Like Receptor 4; IL1, Interleukin 1; IRAK1, Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 1; TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6; NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3.