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. 2022 Feb 17;12:817971. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.817971

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Copyright © 2022 Jing, Liang, Zhang, Tang and Huang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cell-cell contact and restoration of CSC populations. Cell contact between MSCs and cancer cells leads to an increase of TGF-β1 in MSCs and WNT5A in cancer cells, subsequently, the paracrine effect of TGF-β1 and autocrine effects of WNT5A on cancer cells result in the restoration of CSC populations. WNT5A and TGF-β enhance the expression of the Snail-family transcription factors, including Slug, Snail, Twist1, and Twist2 (15–17).