Table 1.
Expression of odorant receptors in various human tumor types
| Cancer type | Odorant receptor | Ligands/sample origin | Function | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostate cancer | OR51E1 (PSGR2) | Nonanoic acid, medium-chain fatty acids | Senescence, growth suppression, cytostatic effects, cell death | (21, 30, 34-36, 55, 56) Fig. 1C |
| OR51E2 (PSGR) | β-Ionone, acetate, propionate | Activation of the MAPK family and inhibition of cell proliferation | (21, 22, 26-33, 55, 57, 58) Fig. 1D |
|
| OR1D2 |
Bourgeonal |
Uptake of both bourgeonal conjugates in vitro and in vivo | (37) | |
| Breast cancer | OR2B6 | Unknown/patient specimens | Breast cancer proliferation and invasion | (17, 20, 38, 39) Fig. 1E |
| OR6M1 | Anthraquinone, rutin | AQ induced the death of MCF-7 cells, which was inhibited by rutin | (59) | |
| OR2W3 | Unknown/patient specimens | Breast cancer proliferation and invasion | (20, 39) Fig. 1F |
|
| OR2T8 | Unknown/patient specimens | Breast cancer proliferation and invasion | (39) Fig. 1G |
|
| OR2T6 | Unknown/patient specimens | Increase in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration via EMT-MAPK signaling | (40) |
|
| OR51E2 | TCGA database | Poor prognosis | (25) Fig. 2A |
|
| OR4F17 | scRNA-seq | Metastasis (negative correlation) | (17) | |
| OR8B8 OR8H1 |
scRNA-Seq | (17) | ||
| Melanoma | OR51E2 | β-Ionone | Inhibition of cell proliferation and migration | (23, 41) |
| OR2C3 | TCGA database | (60) Fig. 1I |
||
| OR1A1 | scRNA-Seq | Skin cutaneous melanoma | (17) | |
| Colon cancer | OR51B4 | Troenan | Apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation and migration | (42) |
| OR7C1 | Patient specimens | Correlation with tumorigenicity | (43) | |
| Bladder cancer | OR10H1 | Santalol and Sandranol | Decreased cell viability, proliferation and migration; increased apoptosis | (24) Fig. 1J |
| Neuroendocrine carcinomas | OR51E1 | Tumor tissue | Increased expression | (44, 45) |
| Liver cancer | OR1A1 | (−)-Carvone | Regulation of hepatic triglyceride metabolism | (46) |
| OR1A2 | Monoterpene (−)-citronellal | Decreased cell proliferation | (19) | |
| OR8B3 | Monoterpene (−)-citronellal | No changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels in response to carvone, the activating ligand | (19) | |
| Lung cancer | OR2J3 | Helional | Inhibition of cell migration and decreased proliferation via the ERK pathway | (47) |
| OR51E1 | Patient specimens | High expression in lung carcinoids | (48) | |
| OR51E2 | TCGA database | Poor prognosis | (25) | |
| OR4D11P | 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | Potential lung cancer biomarker | (49) | |
| OR6C75 OR5A1 |
scRNA-Seq | Invasion (negative correlation) | (17) | |
| Brain cancer (Glioma) |
OR4N2 | Patient specimens and primary cell culture | MA-TAM target gene | (18, 51), Fig. 1K Fig. 2G |
| OR7D2 | scRNA-Seq | Astrocytoma | (17) Fig. 2J |
|
| OR4F17 | scRNA-Seq | Glioblastoma | (17) | |
| OR7A5 | Patient specimens and primary cell culture | MA-TAM target gene | (51) Fig. 1H Fig. 2I |
|
| OR51E2 | TCGA database | Poor prognosis | (18, 25) Fig. 2F |
|
| OR51F2 | TCGA database treated with TMZ | Efficacy of TMZ therapy | (52) | |
| OR4Q3 | TCGA database | (61) | ||
| OR7E156P | TCGA database | (62) | ||
| OR10Q1 OR4K1 |
COSMIC database | Astrocytoma | (63), Fig. 1N Fig. 1M, Fig. 2H |
|
| Kidney |
OR2M3 | scRNA-Seq | Renal cell carcinoma | (17) |
| Blood | OR10H1 | scRNA-Seq | Chronic myeloid leukemia | (17) |
| OR2AT4 | Sandalore, antagonist Phenirat/acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patientshuman chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line | Reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis | (64) | |
| OR51B5 | Isononyl alcohol/AML, CML | Reduced proliferation | (53) |
COSMIC: catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer database, TCGA: the cancer genome atlas database.