TABLE 4.

Clinical manifestations of human microsporidial infections

Species	Clinical manifestation	Reference(s) (first reports)
E. bieneusi	Enteritis	99, 119, 245
	Cholangitis, cholecystitis	240, 278
	Pneumonia, bronchitis	367
	Sinusitis, rhinitis	129, 165
E. intestinalis	Enteritis	266
	Cholangitis, cholecystitis	268, 385
	Nephritis, urinary tract infection	47, 268
	Sinusitis, rhinitis	121, 147
	Bronchitis	121, 150
	Keratoconjunctivitis	226
	Disseminated infection	47, 268
E. hellem	Keratoconjunctivitis	104, 306
	Sinusitis, rhinitis	178, 211
	Pneumonia, bronchiolitis	304, 305
	Nephritis, urinary tract infection	304
	Prostatic abscess	308
	Disseminated infection	304
E. cuniculi	Hepatitis, peritonitisa	340, 392
	Encephalitis	237, 242, 374
	Intestinal infection	144
	Urinary tract infection	95, 144
	Keratoconjunctivitis	95, 144
	Sinusitis, rhinitis	95, 144
	Disseminated infection	95, 144
T. hominis	Myositis	138, 180
	Keratoconjunctivitis	138, 180
	Sinusitis, rhinitis	138, 180
T. antropophtera	Encephalitis	271, 390
	Myositis	271, 390
	Disseminated infection	271, 390
Pleistophora spp.	Myositis	216, 229, 230
V. corneae	Keratitis	92, 317, 324
N. ocularum	Keratoconjunctivitis	36, 44
N. connori	Disseminated infection	235, 334
Nosema-like sp.	Myositis	239
M. africanum	Corneal ulcer	50, 277
M. ceylonensis	Corneal ulcer	6, 50

^aSpecies not confirmed because classification was based only on ultrastructure morphology.