Table 2. Factors associated with overweight and obesity among the participants (n=2,221).
*significant at p < 0.05; **significant at p < 0.001
| Variable | Overweight & obese n (%) | Non-overweight & obese n (%) | t/Χ2 | df | p |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 332 (32.8) | 679 (67.2) | 0.790 | 1 | 0.374 |
| Female | 376 (31.1) | 834 (68.9) | |||
| Age (years) | |||||
| < 13 | 155 (32.2) | 326 (67.8) | 8.284 | 4 | 0.082 |
| 13 to < 14 | 259 (34.8) | 485 (65.2) | |||
| 14 to < 15 | 75 (32.9) | 153 (67.1) | |||
| 15 to < 16 | 144 (27.3) | 384 (72.7) | |||
| 16 to < 17 | 75 (31.3) | 165 (68.8) | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 604 (32.8) | 1240 (67.2) | 6.840 | 5 | 0.233 |
| Chinese | 20 (25.0) | 60 (75.0) | |||
| Indian | 81 (29.1) | 197 (70.9) | |||
| Bumiputera Sabah | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | |||
| Bumiputera Sarawak | 0 (0.0) | 6 (100.0) | |||
| Others | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | |||
| Breakfast consumption | |||||
| Never | 152 (38.9) | 239 (61.1) | 23.035 | 2 | <0.001** |
| 1-6 days | 498 (32.0) | 1059 (68.0) | |||
| Daily | 58 (21.2) | 215 (78.8) | |||
| Fast food consumption | |||||
| Never | 93 (39.9) | 140 (60.1) | 10.889 | 3 | 0.012* |
| 1-3 days | 550 (31.5) | 1196 (68.5) | |||
| 4-6 days | 53 (25.6) | 154 (74.4) | |||
| Daily | 12 (34.3) | 23 (65.7) | |||
| Eating out frequency | |||||
| Never | 107 (37.7) | 177 (62.3) | 11.260 | 3 | 0.010* |
| 1-3 times | 518 (32.0) | 1102 (68.0) | |||
| 4-6 times | 67 (24.6) | 205 (75.4) | |||
| 7 times | 16 (35.6) | 29 (64.4) | |||
| Snacking frequency | |||||
| Never | 25 (34.7) | 47 (65.3) | 4.876 | 3 | 0.181 |
| 1-3 times | 432 (30.3) | 996 (69.7) | |||
| 4-6 times | 214 (34.7) | 402 (65.3) | |||
| 7 times | 37 (35.2) | 68 (64.8) | |||
| Physical activity | |||||
| Low | 458 (35.9) | 817 (64.1) | 22.545 | 1 | <0.001** |
| Moderate & high | 250 (26.4) | 696 (73.6) | |||
| Screen time (weekend) | |||||
| < 2 hours | 279 (30.6) | 633 (69.4) | 1.177 | 1 | 0.278 |
| ≥ 2 hours | 429 (32.8) | 880 (67.2) | |||
| Screen time (school day) | |||||
| < 2 hours | 458 (32.3) | 962 (67.7) | 0.256 | 1 | 0.613 |
| ≥ 2 hours | 250 (31.2) | 551 (68.8) | |||
| Self-esteem | |||||
| Low (< 15) | 120 (31.2) | 265 (68.8) | 0.108 | 1 | 0.743 |
| Normal (≥ 15) | 588 (32.0) | 1248 (68.0) | |||
| Body size satisfaction | |||||
| Maintain | 202 (21.9) | 719 (78.1) | 412.894 | 2 | <0.001** |
| Wish to have smaller size | 497 (54.5) | 415 (45.5) | |||
| Wish to have bigger size | 9 (2.3) | 379 (97.7) | |||
| Body size perception | |||||
| Perceived underweight | 75 (14.1) | 458 (85.9) | 501.933 | 2 | <0.001** |
| Perceived normal weight | 164 (17.4) | 780 (82.6) | |||
| Perceived overweight | 469 (2.3) | 275 (37.0) | |||
| Depression | |||||
| Normal & mild (≤ 13) | 422 (30.7) | 954 (69.3) | 2.434 | 1 | 0.119 |
| ≥ Moderate (> 13) | 286 (33.8) | 559 (66.2) | |||
| Anxiety | |||||
| Normal & mild (≤ 9) | 253 (32.1) | 534 (67.9) | 0.041 | 1 | 0.840 |
| ≥ Moderate (> 9) | 455 (31.7) | 979 (68.3) | |||
| Stress | |||||
| Normal & mild (≤ 18) | 511 (32.0) | 1088 (68.0) | 0.017 | 1 | 0.897 |
| ≥ Moderate (> 18) | 197 (31.7) | 425 (68.3) | |||
| Healthy eating and weight self-efficacy | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 36.34 ± 6.42 | 37.14 ± 6.74 | -2.634 | 2219 | 0.009* |
| Perceived physical activity self-efficacy | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 26.72 ± 4.73 | 27.16 ± 4.70 | -2.075 | 2219 | 0.038* |
| Nutrition knowledge | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 11.23 ± 4.11 | 11.00 ± 3.87 | 1.249 | 1308.78 | 0.202 |