FIGURE 4.

(A) Schematic illustration of the development of 3D hepatic-tissue structures by inkjet printing of single cells and proteins with layer-by-layer deposition. Adapted with permissions from Matsusaki et al. (Matsusaki et al., 2013) (B) Renal nephron-like tubular structures using a three-step layer-by-layer approach of printed cell aggregates sandwiched between two casted collagen I layers inside a microfluidic nephron-on-a-chip system. Adapted with permissions from Tröndle et al. (Tröndle et al., 2021).