TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics of all enrolled participants.
| Variables | All participants |
pa values | PD |
pb values | |||
| PD | HC | H-Y I | H-Y II | H-Y III | |||
| Eyes, N | 115 | 67 | NA | 50 | 46 | 19 | NA |
| Age, y | 63.61 ± 6.92 | 62.01 ± 7.74 | 0.151* | 62.08 ± 6.73 | 65.35 ± 7.07 | 63.47 ± 6.41 | 0.068‡ |
| Sex, male, N (%) | 51.00 (44.35%) | 29.00 (43.28%) | 0.889† | 19.00 (38.00%) | 24.00 (52.20%) | 8.00 (42.10%) | 0.369† |
| IOP, mmHg | 15.53 ± 2.02 | 15.36 ± 2.07 | 0.583* | 15.42 ± 2.19 | 15.74 ± 1.97 | 15.32 ± 1.67 | 0.655‡ |
| SBP, mmHg | 141.2 ± 19.31 | 142.6 ± 20.53 | 0.645* | 140.7 ± 20.47 | 141.2 ± 18.98 | 142.7 ± 17.83 | 0.931‡ |
| BCVA, logMAR | 0.35 ± 0.13 | 0.35 ± 0.13 | 0.839* | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.35 0.13 | 0.38 ± 0.13 | 0.478‡ |
| AL, mm | 21.97 ± 0.57 | 22.06 ± 0.60 | 0.357* | 21.94 ± 0.57 | 22.01 ± 0.56 | 21.98 ± 0.63 | 0.826‡ |
| Duration, y | 6.00 (4.00–8.00) | NA | NA | 4.00 (3.00–6.00) | 7.00 (5.00–9.00) | 9.00 (7.00–12.00) | <0.001 ** |
| UPDRS | 33.00 (22.00–54.00) | NA | NA | 20.50 (12.75–26.25) | 44.50 (31.75–56.00) | 69.00 (55.00–76.00) | <0.001 ** |
| UPDRS III | 17.00 (11.00–31.75) | NA | NA | 11.00 (6.75–15.00) | 27.50 (17.75–37.25) | 45.00 (34.00–54.00) | <0.001 ** |
| NMSS | 20.50 (9.00–43.75) | NA | NA | 14.00 (6.00–23.50) | 35.50 (15.75–50.00) | 41.00 (27.00–75.00) | <0.001 ** |
| MMSE | 28.00 (26.00–29.00) | NA | NA | 28.00 (27.00–30.00) | 27.00 (25.75–29.00) | 26.50 (23.50–29.00) | 0.012 ** |
Significant results appear in bold. pa: p-value for comparison between HC and PD; pb: p-value for comparison among the three PD subgroups. *Student’s t-test; †Pearson’s χ2 test; ‡One-way ANOVA; **Non-parametric test.
PD, Parkinson’s Disease; HC, healthy controls; IOP, intraocular pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; AL, axial lengths; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III; NMSS, Non-motor Symptoms Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.