Table 3.
Odds ratios (95% CI) of testing positivity, hospitalization, and in-hospital mortality associated with race/ethnicity and neighborhood-level social vulnerability considered simultaneous, by wave.
| 1st wave |
Subsequent Waves |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race Ethnicity | Low SVI | Middle SVI | High SVI | Low SVI | Middle SVI | High SVI | |
| Testing Positivity | NH White | 1 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.85-1.14) | 1.31 (1.12-1.53) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.04 (0.92-1.18) | 1.43 (1.26-1.63) |
| NH Black | 2.68 (2.24-3.21) | 2.75 (2.32-3.26) | 3.96 (3.45-4.54) | 1.63 (1.40-1.90) | 1.67 (1.43-1.94) | 2.29 (2.02-2.60) | |
| Hispanic | 2.59 (2.00-3.35) | 4.01 (3.24-4.97) | 6.46 (5.50-7.58) | 2.52 (2.11-3.02) | 2.54 (2.11-3.06) | 2.90 (2.50-3.37) | |
| NH Asian | 1.00 (0.77-1.30) | 1.54 (1.19-2.00) | 2.87 (2.33-3.54) | 0.86 (0.72-1.04) | 1.36 (1.11-1.67) | 2.91 (2.48-3.43) | |
| Other | 1.89 (1.41-2.53) | 2.56 (1.93-3.40) | 3.50 (2.85-4.31) | 1.62 (1.31-2.00) | 1.60 (1.26-2.03) | 2.72 (2.28-3.25) | |
| Missing | 1.75 (1.35-2.26) | 1.63 (1.25-2.12) | 4.09 (3.39-4.93) | 1.36 (1.13-1.64) | 1.39 (1.14-1.69) | 1.85 (1.54-2.23) | |
| p-val* | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| p-val⁎⁎ | <0.001 | ||||||
| Hospitalization | NH White | 1 (Ref.) | 0.71 (0.51-1) | 1.17 (0.83-1.64) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.21 (0.94-1.55) | 1.41 (1.09-1.82) |
| NH Black | 1.41 (0.91-2.18) | 1.59 (1.10-2.31) | 1.87 (1.41-2.48) | 1.97 (1.42-2.74) | 2.52 (1.86-3.42) | 2.75 (2.16-3.50) | |
| Hispanic | 1.57 (0.84-2.91) | 1.97 (1.26-3.10) | 1.85 (1.32-2.59) | 1.85 (1.23-2.80) | 1.62 (1.08-2.43) | 2.67 (1.98-3.60) | |
| NH Asian | 2.39 (1.30-4.40) | 1.58 (0.86-2.90) | 1.46 (0.90-2.35) | 1.85 (1.23-2.80) | 1.80 (1.16-2.79) | 1.90 (1.35-2.67) | |
| Other | 1.00 (0.46-2.17) | 1.10 (0.55-2.19) | 0.45 (0.23-0.87) | 1.14 (0.65-1.98) | 1.42 (0.80-2.51) | 1.40 (0.92-2.11) | |
| Missing | 0.28 (0.11-0.71) | 0.13 (0.05-0.33) | 0.50 (0.29-0.87) | 0.33 (0.15-0.75) | 0.29 (0.13-0.64) | 1.08 (0.67-1.76) | |
| p-val* | 0.011 | 0.019 | |||||
| p-val⁎⁎ | 0.268 | ||||||
| In-hospital mortality | NH White | 1 (Ref.) | 1.21 (0.75-1.96) | 0.96 (0.52-1.80) | 1 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.64-1.53) | 0.97 (0.56-1.67) |
| NH Black | 1.57 (0.73-3.37) | 0.72 (0.35-1.49) | 0.91 (0.57-1.43) | 1.22 (0.49-2.99) | 1.15 (0.59-2.24) | 1.06 (0.67-1.68) | |
| Hispanic | 0.55 (0.07-4.50) | 0.55 (0.19-1.64) | 1.05 (0.49-2.24) | 2.98 (1.07-8.27) | 2.02 (0.81-5.01) | 1.18 (0.48-2.88) | |
| NH Asian | 0.65 (0.21-1.97) | 1.42 (0.52-3.85) | 1.65 (0.61-4.51) | 1.07 (0.40-2.88) | 2.01 (0.87-4.61) | 1.94 (0.85-4.42) | |
| Other | 1.41 (0.41-4.85) | 1.17 (0.31-4.45) | 1.22 (0.25-5.88) | 0.62 (0.08-4.86) | 4.14 (1.10-15.56) | 1.26 (0.36-4.35) | |
| Missing | 0.83 (0.09-7.70) | 1.11 (0.12-10.03) | 1.65 (0.50-5.45) | 3.71 (0.91-15.13) | 2.16 (0.45-10.33) | 5.33 (1.83-15.51) | |
| p-val* | 0.641 | 0.818 | |||||
| p-val⁎⁎ | 0.783 | ||||||
models control for age, age2, sex, and hospital (for in-hospital mortality) and including an interaction between race/ethnicity and SVI. Testing positivity refers to the odds of ever testing positive; hospitalization refers to the odds of being hospitalized 2 weeks prior or 4 weeks after the first positive test; in-hospital mortality refers to the odds of dying in-hospital by 30 days after admission with a COVID-19 confirmed flag.
p-val refers to the global test for interaction between the race/ethnicity and SVI coefficients;
p-val refers to the global test for the three way interactions between race/ethnicity, SVI, and wave.