Table 2.

Cox regression analysis of the effect of different rate control drugs

	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval
Composite outcome
Verapamil vs. beta blockers	0.4	0.19–0.83
Verapamil vs. no rate control	0.64	0.44–0.93
Beta blocker vs. no rate control	1.09	0.81–1.47
ECV
Verapamil vs. beta blockers	0.31	0.11–0.85
Verapamil vs. no rate control	0.59	0.35–1.00
Beta blocker vs. no rate control	1.32	0.92–1.90
ECV and CCV
Verapamil vs. beta blockers	0.41	0.19–0.89
Verapamil vs. no rate control	0.65	0.44–0.97
Beta blocker vs. no rate control	1.1	0.81–1.52
Atrial ablation
Verapamil vs. beta blockers	0.18	0.02–1.33
Verapamil vs. no rate control	0.46	0.17–1.28
Beta blocker vs. no rate control	1.18	0.67–2.10

Adjusted for the individual components of HATCH score: age, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a history of a stroke in addition to sex and presents of symptoms at first presentation.

CCV, chemical cardioversion; ECV, electrical cardioversion.