Fig. 4.

Formation of testicular and ovarian organoids using Matrigel. (a–c) Scheme of testicular organoids using a three-layer gradient system (3-LGS). (b) Formation of 3-LGS testicular organoids after days 1, 5, 7, and 21 by bright-field microscopy. (c) Cells that were positive for SOX9 (Sertoli cell marker) and DDX4 (germ cell marker) in spherical–tubular structures of the testicular organoids after days 7 and 21 in culture. Reproduced with permission [42]. Copyright 2018, Nature Protocol. (d) Schematic diagram of the in vitro ovarian organoid model with spheroids of normal HOSE cells cultured in 3D matrix. (e) Phase-contrast images and fluorescence staining of F-actin and nuclei in the spheroids of normal HOSE cells. (f) Schematic diagram of morphogenesis in the spheroids of normal HOSE cells. Reproduced with permission [45]. Copyright 2009, Neoplasia.