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. 2021 Dec 20;14:182–205. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.027

Table 3.

Formulations and characteristics of bioactive phytocompound-based nanomedicine.

Type Natural compound Formulation method L.C (%)
/L.E (%)		 Size (nm) Features Ref
Liposomes ART Thin-film hydration -/90 76 ± 10
  • -

    pH-responsive ART dimer in lipid formulation

 [96]
CCM -/50 100 ± 23
  • -

    Entrapment of CCM by CD complexation

 [97]
-/76 100
  • -

    Rapid CCM release under HFMF exposure

 [98,99]
Cuc E -/98 140–350
  • -

    Changes of lipid membrane structure by Cuc E encapsulation

 [100]
EB -/85 500 -734
  • -

    Optimization of EB loaded formulations depends on composition parameters

 [57]
MA -/40 293
  • -

    Optimized MA loaded liposomal formulation by size and storage temperature

 [101]
Melanin 9/89 300
  • -

    Photothermal effect under 808 nm laser

 [102]
Quercetin -/90 182 ± 1
  • -

    Controlled in vitro quercetin release by adjusting cremorphor RH40

 [103]
RVT -/78 122–140
  • -

    Various factor-based RVT loaded liposomal characteristics: pH, ionic strength, and temperature

 [104]
SA -/96 21 ± 1
  • -

    Increase in the stability of SA via steric hindrance by TPGS-based liposomal bilayer

 [105]
TMP -/86 168 ± 14
  • -

    Penetration of TMP in blood-brain barrier models in vitro and ex vivo

 [106]
Vitamin C -/48 67 ± 6
  • -

    Change of vitamin C's stability and skin permeation by the content of pectin in liposomal structure.

 [107]
Nano
Emulsions		 BCL Emulsification and high-pressure homogenization -/99 90
  • -

    Hemp oil-based NE with reduced surfactants for oral delivery of BCL

 [91]
CCM Emulsification -/91 103 ± 11
  • -

    Characteristics of formulation depend on vegetable oil for dissolution of CCM: encapsulation efficiency, size, and bioavailability

 [108]
Imperatorin Ionic gelation -/90 168 ± 2
  • -

    Optimization of lipid microsphere formulation for response surface-central composite design

 [109]
Lycopene High-pressure homogenization -/51 184 ± 20
  • -

    In vitro antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of differently-sized NEs

 [110]
β-sitosterol Emulsification -/72-87 163–258
  • -

    Formation of lipid formulations by combination of natural oils and lipids

 [90]
TQ Ionic gelation -/99 95 ± 7
  • -

    TQ-loaded mucoadhesive NE for intranasal administration

 [92]
Self-assembled NPs or other NPs CCM Ionic gelation -/50 70–90
  • -

    LDH-NP based photodynamic effects under 465 nm laser

 [[111], [112], [113]]
Opposite charge ion precipitation ∼8/- 63
  • -

    In vitro pH-responsive CCM release from MSN

 [80]
Physical encapsulation 7/85 37 ± 6
  • -

    Photoprotectivity effect of PLGA-CCM-NP under UV irradiation

 [114]
-/89 100
  • -

    MRI-guided photochemotherapy

  • -

    NIR light-responsive CCM release from nanosheets

 [115]
EGCG Physical encapsulation -/- 109 ± 30
  • -

    Conjugated EGCG to end-HA (98% degree of substitution)

  • -

    Loading of cisplatin to EGCG core in HA-EGCG micelle

 [84]
Gossypol Nanoprecipitation 91/97 43 ± 2
  • -

    Ultrahigh drug loading by π–π stacking (91%)

  • -

    In vitro pH-dependent DOX release from gossypol-DPA NP

 [116]
Lycopene Chemical conjugation 9/89 152 ± 32
  • -

    In vitro pH-responsive release from chitosan/OEGCG NP

  • -

    Structural antioxidant property by EGCG for protection of lycopene

 [85]
PTX Solvent evaporation -/42 43
  • -

    In vitro acid-triggered PTX release from self-assembled peptide

 [81]
QCT Nanoprecipitation 29/81 100
  • -

    Co-delivery of QCT and DOX using MSN

 [117]
Vitamin E Physical interaction -/99 130–350
  • -

    Polysaccharide-based NP film formulation including vitamin E for topical administration

 [82]
NLCs Bixin High-pressure homogenization 17.9/>99 136–353
  • -

    Increase in uptake and localization at liver

 [118]
ZER High-shear homogenization /99 52
  • -

    stable at 4, 25, and 40 for at least one month.

 [119]
Niosomes Boswellic acid Co-acervation phase separation -/98 708
  • -

    Topical proniosomal gel with enhanced bioavailability

 [120]
CCM -/59 71 ± 1
  • -

    Fast production of CCM-loaded niosomes with small size in a single step

 [121]
α-M Thin-film hydration -/99 180 ± 30
  • -

    Relation between skin permeation and concentration of mangostin by non-ionic surfactant

 [122]
OXY Microfluidic mixing >5/>84 96–108
  • -

    Optimized formulation using NLC and SLN for improved oral bioavailability

 [70]
Phytosomes Apigenin Sequential co-loading prior to thin film evaporation 31/99 361–400
  • -

    Optimal entrapment method for multiple phenolic flavonoids in a single entity

  • -

    Three kinds of surfactant effect: stability, antioxidant capacity, and loading efficiency; physicochemical properties of NEs

 [83]
[123]
CCM -/>75
Kaempferol 34/99
QCT High-shear homogenization 31/98 376 ± 34
  • -

    Optimal entrapment method for multiple phenolic flavonoids in a single entity

 [83]
SLNs CCM Hot homogenization -/49 58 ± 13
  • -

    Ionotropic gelation of alginate by cross-linking with calcium ions

 [124]

ART: artemisinin; BCL: baicalein; CuC E: cucurbitacin E; CCM: curcumin; DOX: doxorubicin; DPA: dopamine; EB: embelin; EGCG: epigallocate-chin-3-O-gallate; LDH: layered double hydroxide; LF: lactoferrin; MA: madecassoside; MSN: mesoporous silica nanoparticles; NE: nanoemulsion; NF: nanoformulation; NLC: nanostructured lipid carriers; NP: nanoparticle; OEGCG: oligomerized (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate; OXY: oxyreseveratol; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid; PTX: paclitaxel; PPB: pheophorbide; QCT: quercetin; RVT: resveratrol; SLN: solid lipid nanoparticles; SFN: sulforaphane; SA: syringic acid; TMP: tetramethylpyrazine; TQ: thymoquinone; ZER: zerumbone; α-M: α-mangostin.