TABLE 1.

The modulation of cell biological behaviors by MGE.

Cell biological behaviors	Cell type	Precursors	Groups on cell surface	Promotion (+) suppression (-)	References
Adhesion	human embryoid body–derived stem cells (hEBD)	Ac5ManNTGc	Thiols	Gold or maleimide +	Sampathkumar et al. (2006)
	HL60-cells	ManNProp	N-propanoyl	Fibronectin +	(Villavicencio-Lorini et al., 2002; Horstkorte et al., 2004)
	human Jurkat T-lymphoma derived cells (Jurkat cells)	Ac5ManNTGc	Thiols	Gold or maleimide +	Du et al. (2011)
	HL60 cells, HeLa and Jurkat cells	Ac5SiaC5F5	trifluorobutanoyl	Fibronectin -	Dafik et al. (2008)
	MCF7 breast cancer cells	ManNProp, ManNBut	N-propanoyl, N-butanoyl	Laminin -	Nagasundaram et al. (2020)
	MSCs	ManNPent, ManNHex	N-pentanoyl, N-hexanoyl	12-well plate + tumor cells +	Templeton et al. (2021)
	Macrophages	3F-Neu5Ac sgc8-SH	—	Tetrazine and transcyclooctene conjugation	Sugimoto and Iwasaki, (2018)
	Jurkat cells and A569 cells	Ac4ManNAz	Thiols	—	(Koo et al., 2015; Koo et al., 2016)
	NT2 neurons	ManNBut	Azide	Integrin-mediated +	Mahal et al. (2001)
	SW1990 pancreatic cancer cell	1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc	N-butanoyl sLeX		Almaraz et al. (2012)
Differentiation	hEBD	Ac5ManNTGc	Thiols	neuronal +	Sampathkumar et al. (2006)
		ManNProp	N-propanoyl	monocytic +	Horstkorte et al. (2004)
	HL60-cells hADSCs	Ac5ManNTProp and Ac5ManNTBut	Thiols	adipogenesis –	Du et al. (2021)
	MSCs	3F-Neu5Ac	—	glial lineage +–	Templeton et al. (2021)
	PC12 cerebellar neurons	ManNProp	N-propanoyl	osteogenesis and adipogenesis –	Kontou et al. (2008)
	hMSC	ManNProp	N-propanoyl	neuronal +	Schmidt et al. (1998)
		Ac4ManNAz	Azide	oligodendroglial +	Altmann et al. (2021)
				osteogenic and adipogenic +
Migration	MSCs	3F-Neu5Ac	N-propanoyl, N-butanoyl	—	Templeton et al. (2021)
	MCF7 breast cancer cells	ManNProp, ManNBut, ManNPent, ManNHex	N-pentanoyl, N-hexanoyl	-	Nagasundaram et al. (2020)
Secretion	neural progenitor cell	Ac4ManNAz sgc8-SH	azide	+	Oh et al. (2020)
	macrophages		Thiols	+	Sugimoto and Iwasaki, (2018)
	PC12	ManNProp	N-propanoyl	+	Horstkorte et al. (2010)
Homing	MSCs	3F-Neu5Ac	/sLeX	+	Templeton et al. (2021)
	SW1990 pancreatic cancer cell	1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc		+	(Almaraz et al., 2012; Agatemor et al., 2019)
Survival	MSCs	3F-Neu5Ac	—	Ischemia +	Templeton et al. (2021)
	Macrophages	Ac4ManNAz	Azide	+	Mao et al. (2020)
	Jurkat cells	Ac5ManNTGc	Thiols	Gold or maleimide +	Du et al. (2011)

The cell biological behaviors were modulated by providing metabolic precursors. The migration of fluorescent labeled cells is introduced in Imaging and Tracking. Abbreviated: 2,4,7,8,9-pentaacetyl-3Fax-Neu5Ac-CO2Me (3F-Neu5Ac), N-butanoyl-d-mannosamine (ManNBut), N-pentanoyl mannosamine (ManNPent), N-hexanoyl mannosamine (ManNHex), thiol-terminated nucleic acid aptamers (sgc8-SH), N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac₄ManNAz) and N-alkyneacetylmannosamine (Ac₄ManNAl). Other abbreviations were not described in detail in the original text.