Table III.
Experience when walking with and without knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) and perceived effectiveness for users vs discontinued users
| Users (n = 74) |
Discontinued users (n = 24) |
Users vs discontinued users |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without KAFO | With KAFO | Delta | Withou KAFO | With KAFO | Delta | p-value without KAFO** | p-value with KAFO** | |
| Distance of walking | 1.0 [0.0–1.0] n = 70 |
3.0 [2.0–5.0] n = 67 |
2.0 [1.0–3.0] *p < 0.001 |
3.0 [1.3–4.0] n = 16 |
2.0 [1.0–4.0] n = 15 |
0.0 [–1.0–0.0] | 0.000** | 0.082 |
| Speed of walking | 1.0 [0.0–1.0] n = 70 |
3.0 [1.0–4.0] n = 67 |
1.0 [1.0–3.0] *p < 0.001 |
3.0 [1.0–4.0] n = 16 |
2.0 [1.0–3.0] n = 15 |
0.0 [–2.0–0.0] | 0.002** | 0.133 |
| Duration of walking | 1.0 [0.0–1.0] n = 70 |
3.0 [2.0–4.0] n = 67 |
2.0 [1.0–3.0] *p < 0.001 |
2.5 [1.0–4.0] n = 16 |
3.0 [1.0–4.0] n = 15 |
0.0 [–1.5–1.8] | 0.000** | 0.740 |
| Stability during walking | 1.0 [0.0–1.0] n = 70 |
5.0 [3.0–6.0] n = 67 |
4.0 [2.0–5.0] *p < 0.001 |
2.5 [1.0–4.0] n = 16 |
3.5 [2.3–5.0] n = 16 |
0.5 [–0.8–2.8] | 0.000** | 0.054 |
| Stability during standing |
1.0 [0.0–1.0] n = 68 |
4.5 [4.0–6.0] n = 68 |
3.0 [2.0–5.0] *p < 0.001 |
3.0 [1.0–3.8] n = 16 |
4.0 [2.3–5.0] n = 16 |
1.0 [0.0–2.8] *p = 0.023 |
0.000** | 0.160 |
| Amount of falls | 3.0 [1.0–5.0] n = 49 |
6.0 [4.0–7.0] n = 70 |
2.0 [0.5–4.0] *p < 0.001 |
4.5 [3.0–6.0] n = 14 |
5.5 [2.3–6.0] n = 16 |
0.0 [–1.0–0.3] | 0.128 | 0.296 |
| Pain on orthosis leg | 7.0 [2.0–7.0] n = 50 |
6.0 [4.0–7.0] n = 70 |
0.0 [–1.0–1.0] | 4.5 [3.8–6.0] n = 14 |
4.0 [3.0–6.0] n = 15 |
0.0 [–1.0–0.0] *p = 0.038 |
0.318 | 0.005** |
| Pain on non-orthosis leg |
6.0 [2.8–7.0] n = 50 |
6.0 [4.0–7.0] n = 68 |
0.0 [0.0–0.3] | 6.0 [4.5–7.0] n = 13 |
5.5 [3.5–7.0] n = 14 |
0.0 [0.0–0.0] | 0.837 | 0.413 |
| Pain on back | 4.0 [2.0–7.0] n = 50 |
6.0 [4.0–7.0] n = 70 |
0.0 [0.0–2.0] *p = 0.004 |
5.0 [3.0–7.0] n = 14 |
5.0 [3.0–7.0] n = 15 |
0.0 [–0.5–0.0] | 0.480 | 0.397 |
| Fatigue during walking | 1.0 [1.0–2.0] n = 49 |
4.0 [3.0–5.0] n = 69 |
2.0 [0.5–3.0] *p < 0.001 |
3.0 [2.0–4.3] n = 14 |
2.0 [1.0–4.0] n = 15 |
–1.0 [–2.0–0.0] *p = 0.023 |
0.000** | 0.004** |
| Fatigue during standing | 1.0 [1.0–2.3] n = 50 |
4.0 [3.0–6.0] n = 69 |
2.0 [1.0–3.5] *p < 0.001 |
3.0 [2.0–3.3] n = 14 |
3.0 [2.0–6.0] n = 15 |
1.0 [0.0–2.0] *p = 0.023 |
0.009** | 0.504 |
| Effort of walking | 1.0 [0.0–2.0] n = 69 |
4.0 [3.0–5.0] n = 70 |
3.0 [1.0–4.0] *p < 0.001 |
3.0 [1.0–3.0] n = 16 |
2.0 [1.0–4.0] n = 15 |
0.0 [–1.0–1.0] | 0.001** | 0.018** |
| Effort of standing | 1.0 [0.0–2.0] n = 70 |
4.0 [4.0–6.0] n = 69 |
3.0 [2.0–4.0] *p < 0.001 |
3.0 [1.0–3.0] n = 15 |
3.5 [2.0–6.0] n = 14 |
0.5 [0.0–3.0] *p = 0.028 |
0.002** | 0.541 |
| Mean ”overall” score | 2.1 [0.4–2.8] n = 72 |
4.3 [3.8–5.2] n = 68 |
2.2 [1.3–3.2] *p < 0.001 |
3.6 [1.9–4.1] n = 16 |
3.9 [2.6–4.7] n = 16 |
0.1 [–0.6–1.3] | 0.001** | 0.124 |
| Locked KAFO | 1.5 [0.0–2.6] n = 50 |
4.3 [3.7–5.4] n = 48 |
2.4 [1.5–3.4] *p < 0.001 |
2.6 [0.0–4.6] n = 5 |
3.8 [2.7–4.6] n = 5 |
0.2 [–0.7–3.5] | 0.449 | 0.157 |
| SC-KAFO | 2.2 [1.8–3.0] n = 22 |
4.1 [3.7–5.1] n = 22 |
1.9 [1.0–2.3] *p < 0.001 |
3.6 [2.8–4.2] n = 11 |
4.2 [2.5–4.7] n = 11 |
0.0 [–0.7–1.1] | 0.004** | 0.359 |
Data are expressed as median [interquartile range]. Scores range from 1 to 7 with 7 as most positive score. KAFO: knee-ankle-foot orthosis; SC: stance control.
*
Significant different with KAFO from without KAFO p < 0.05.
**
Significant different users from discontinued-users p < 0.05.