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Map of study sites across North America and Europe where we investigated the impacts of chloride (Cl−) concentration—a strong indicator of human-induced salinization—on freshwater lake food webs. (A–D) Study site location across North America and Europe. (E) The regression-style design used to test how an environmentally relevant gradient of Cl− concentration affected lake food webs among the study sites. Guidelines for Canada, United States, and Europe are indicated on the gradient.
