Table 1. Descriptive Statistics at Baseline and Treatment Integrity Test Results.
| Characteristic | Patientsa | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TAU arm (n = 246) | PGST arm (n = 125) | IGST arm (n = 123) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 33.89 (9.55) | 33.20 (9.33) | 33.46 (9.17) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 212 (86.2) | 109 (87.2) | 105 (85.4) |
| Male | 33 (13.4) | 16 (12.8) | 17 (13.8) |
| Other or unknown | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) |
| Relationship status | |||
| Partner | 99 (40.2) | 41 (32.8) | 41 (33.3) |
| No partner | 147 (59.8) | 84 (67.2) | 82 (66.7) |
| Educational level, mean (SD)b | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.7) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Same as dominant group at study site | 230 (93.5) | 118 (94.4) | 106 (86.2) |
| Different from dominant group at study site | 16 (6.5) | 7 (5.6) | 17 (13.8) |
| Employment statusc | |||
| Employed | 79 (32.2) | 34 (27.2) | 34 (27.9) |
| Homemaker | 16 (6.5) | 6 (4.8) | 7 (5.7) |
| Student | 26 (10.6) | 13 (10.4) | 8 (6.6) |
| Disability or illness benefit | 95 (38.8) | 59 (47.2) | 49 (40.2) |
| Unemployed | 29 (11.8) | 13 (10.4) | 24 (19.7) |
| GAF score, mean (SD) | 49.70 (8.69) | 50.09 (8.10) | 48.36 (8.32) |
| BPD severity | |||
| BPD criteria (SCID-II), mean (SD), No. | 6.83 (1.33) | 7.05 (1.38) | 6.81 (1.30) |
| BPDSI total score, mean (SD) | 31.63 (8.60) | 30.95 (8.75) | 30.44 (8.74) |
| Comorbid disorders | |||
| DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses (SCID-I), mean (SD), No. | 3.31 (2.15) | 3.57 (2.13) | 3.76 (2.23) |
| DSM-IV Axis II diagnoses (SCID-II), mean (SD), No.d | 1.74 (1.04) | 1.87 (1.01) | 1.76 (1.02) |
| PD | |||
| Avoidant | 77 (31.3) | 37 (29.6) | 47 (38.2) |
| Dependent | 20 (8.1) | 10 (8.0) | 14 (11.4) |
| Obsessive-compulsive | 38 (15.4) | 19 (15.2) | 18 (14.6) |
| Paranoid | 48 (19.5) | 21 (16.8) | 27 (22.0) |
| Schizotypal | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) |
| Schizoid | 1 (0.4) | 3 (2.4) | 1 (0.8) |
| Histrionic | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Conduct disorder youth | 52 (21.1) | 33 (26.4) | 26 (21.1) |
| Antisocial Ae | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (3.3) |
| TIS rating, mean (SE)f | |||
| Nonspecific subscale | 50.69 (0.93)g | 53.76 (1.19) | 54.85 (1.16) |
| Specific subscale | 39.21 (0.86)g | 48.18 (1.13) | 50.68 (1.09) |
| Non-ST subscale | 4.74 (0.11) | 4.47 (0.15) | 4.77 (0.15) |
Abbreviations: BPD, borderline personality disorder; BPDSI, Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; IGST, combination of individual and group schema therapy; PD, personality disorder; PGST, predominantly group schema therapy; SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders; SCID-II, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders; ST, schema therapy; TAU, (optimal) treatment as usual; TIS, therapy integrity scale.
Data are presented as the number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated.
Based on the International Standard Classification of Education, 2011 version, with a range of 0 to 8.
Two patients had missing responses (1 from the TAU group and 1 from the IGST group).
Included BPD.
Full antisocial PD was an exclusion criterion, as was narcissistic PD.
Means and SEs were from mixed regression of the TIS ratings at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.
The TAU group had significantly lower TIS scores than did the ST groups (TAU vs PGST: d, 0.34; TAU vs IGST: d, 0.90; P < .001); scores from the PGST and IGST groups did not differ significantly from each other. Analyzed with linear mixed models with treatment and time in the fixed part, random intercept and slope for time for cohort within site, and autoregressive moving average (1,1) covariance for the repeated part.