Table 1.
Cross-sectional associations of time spent in outdoor light during the day with mood, sleep, and circadian-related outcomes in the UK Biobank. Odds (OR) and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) are presented with 95% CIs across three models of increasing covariate adjustment. McFadden’s pseudo-R2 is reported for all models.
| Model 1 (Unadjusted) |
Model 2 (+ age, sex, season, employment) |
Model 3 (+ exercise, socialization, sleep duration) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | OR/IRR (95% CI) | P value | Model Pseudo R2 | N | OR/IRR (95% CI) | P value | Model Pseudo R2 | N | OR/IRR (95% CI) | P value | Model Pseudo R2 | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Chronotype (Eveningness) | 411,875 | 0.71 (0.70–0.72) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.076 | 411,875 | 0.72 (0.71–0.73) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.08 | 381,396 | 0.76 (0.75–0.77) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.15 |
| Ease of Getting Up | 456,674 | 1.94 (1.92–1.97) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.096 | 456,674 | 1.65 (1.63–1.67) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.12 | 421,154 | 1.47 (1.46–1.49) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.20 |
| Insomnia Symptoms | 456,843 | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 3 × 10−31 | 0.088 | 456,843 | 0.90 (0.89–0.91) | 3 × 10−78 | 0.10 | 421,216 | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | 3 × 10−11 | 0.20 |
| Tiredness | 445,181 | 0.66 (0.65–0.67) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.096 | 445,181 | 0.74 (0.73–0.75) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.11 | 411,510 | 0.81 (0.80–0.82) | 8 × 10−197 | 0.19 |
| Happiness | 158,133 | 1.64 (1.61–1.67) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.085 | 158,133 | 1.61 (1.59–1.64) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.09 | 146,540 | 1.45 (1.41–1.48) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.17 |
| Neuroticism | 374,277 | 0.90 (0.89–0.90) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.071 | 374,277 | 0.93 (0.93–0.94) | 7 × 10−122 | 0.08 | 348,877 | 0.96 (0.95–0.96) | 2 × 10−41 | 8 × 10−197 |
| Low Mood | 439,228 | 0.74 (0.73–0.75) | < 5 × 10−200 | 0.096 | 439,228 | 0.81 (0.80–0.82) | 6 × 10−166 | 0.11 | 406,347 | 0.88 (0.87–0.90) | 2 × 10−49 | 0.21 |
| Anhedonia | 443,306 | 0.81 (0.80–0.83) | 2 × 10−167 | 0.097 | 443,306 | 0.85 (0.83–0.86) | 4 × 10−101 | 0.11 | 410,144 | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | 6 × 10−10 | 0.21 |
| Lifetime Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder | Cases: 23,515 Control:118,927 |
0.86 (0.84–0.89) | 3 × 10−24 | 0.054 | Cases: 23,515 Control: 118,927 |
0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 9 × 10−4 | 0.07 | Cases: 21,743 Control: 110,650 |
0.96 (0.92–0.98) | 0.002 | 0.14 |
| Antidepressant Usage | Cases: 29,858 Control:427,277 |
0.88 (0.86–0.90) | 3 × 10−25 | 0.10 | Cases: 29,858 Control: 427,277 |
0.85 (0.83–0.88) | 7 × 10−34 | 0.13 | Cases: 25,016 Control:396,417 |
0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 3 × 10−4 | 0.25 |