Table 2.

A comparison of pre‐ and post–self‐efficacy communication questionnaire scores.

Group	n	Pre‐training µ ± σ	Post‐training µ ± σ	Pre‐ vs. post‐training
CVR (Clinician VR)	5	7.8 ± 0.4	8.4 ± 0.6	P < 0.05 where d = 1.15
TVR (Trainee VR)	32	6.8 ± 1.1	7.6 ± 1.0	P < 0.05 where d = 0.65
CRP (Clinician role‐play)	4	7.3 ± 0.5	7.5 ± 0.3	P = 0.58 where d = 0.305
TRP (Trainee role‐play)	32	6.8 ± 1.0	7.1 ± 1.0	P < 0.05 where d = 0.34
CVR versus CRP	9	P = 0.17 where d = 1.06	P < 0.05 where d = 2.01	NA
TVR versus TRP	64	P = 0.72 where d = 0.89	P < 0.05 where d = 0.4	NA

n, sample size; µ ± σ, mean ± standard deviation; d, Cohens D; NA, not applicable.