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. 2022 Feb 17;13:826732. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826732

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Metabolism of substances in the kidney. Cortical cells undergo gluconeogenesis while medullary cells metabolize glucose. Glutamine is extracted from renal tubular cells and used to produce ammonia (NH3). High levels of urea cause the kidneys to produce uremic toxins. Lipid nephrotoxicity could damage the structure and function of the glomerulus and tubules.