Table 2.
Association of prenatal exposure to famine with self-reported cognitive problems compared to individuals born before or conceived after the famine
| Exposure to famine | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Born Before | In late gestation | In mid gestation | In early gestation | Conceived after | |
| Question 1: I have some/severe problems with my memory, attention and thinking | |||||
| Full Cohort: N (%) | 41 (22.5) | 21 (21.4) | 22 (28.6) | 15 (30.0) | 37 (20.1) |
| OR (95% CI) Model 1a | Reference | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.5 (0.8–2.6) | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | Reference |
| OR (95% CI) Model 2b | Reference | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.7 (0.9–2.9) | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | Reference |
| Women: N (%) | 18 (18.8) | 16 (33.3) | 12 (24.0) | 5 (19.2) | 16 (18.6) |
| OR (95% CI) Model 3c | Reference | 2.2 (1.1–4.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) | 1.0 (0.4–2.9) | Reference |
| OR (95% CI) Model 4d | Reference | 2.5 (1.2–5.4) | 1.6 (0.7–3.4) | 1.1 (0.4–3.4) | Reference |
| Men: N(%) | 23 (26.7) | 5 (10.0) | 10 (37.0) | 10 (41.7) | 21 (21.4) |
| OR (95% CI) Model 3c | Reference | 0.4 (0.1–0.9) | 1.9 (0.8–4.4) | 2.3 (0.9–5.5) | Reference |
| OR (95% CI) Model 4d | Reference | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) | 2.0 (0.8–4.8) | 2.2 (0.9–5.7) | Reference |
| Question 2: I consulted a doctor or other healthcare practitioner for problems with your memory, attention and thinking in the past 12 months | |||||
| Full Cohort: N (%) | 9 (4.9) | 8 (8.2) | 5 (6.6) | 7 (14.0) | 9 (4.8) |
| OR (95% CI) Model 1a | Reference | 1.7 (0.7–4.1) | 1.4 (0.5–3.8) | 3.2 (1.3–8.1) | Reference |
| OR (95% CI) Model 2b | Reference | 1.9 (0.8–4.6) | 1.3 (0.5–3.8) | 2.9 (1.1–7.5) | Reference |
| Women: N (%) | 5 (5.2) | 4 (8.3) | 4 (8.0) | 3 (11.5) | 21 (6.8) |
| OR (95% CI) Model 3c | Reference | 1.6 (0.5–5.3) | 1.5 (0.5–5.1) | 2.3 (0.6–8.9) | Reference |
| OR (95% CI) Model 4d | Reference | 1.8 (0.5–6.2) | 1.4 (0.4–4.7) | 2.4 (0.6–9.7) | Reference |
| Men: N (%) | 4 (4.7) | 4 (8.0) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (16.7) | 4 (4.1) |
| OR (95% CI) Model 3c | Reference | 1.9 (0.6–6.7) | 0.9 (0.1–7.4) | 4.4 (1.2–16.0) | Reference |
| OR (95% CI) Model 4d | Reference | 2.6 (0.7–9.5) | 1.0 (0.1–8.4) | 4.0 (1.0–15.5) | Reference |
Significant (p < 0.05) findings are depicted in bold
SES socioeconomic status
aModel 1: Logistic regression model, unadjusted
bModel 2: Logistic regression model, adjusted for sex, birth weight, education and SES
cModel 3: Sex-specific logistic regression model, unadjusted